Course Profile   American History, Grade 11, University Preparation, Catholic and Public

Unit 5:  America Exercises Power (1941 – Present)

Time:  23 hours

 

Activity 1 | Activity 2 | Activity 3 | Activity 4 | Activity 5 | Activity 6

Unit Description

This unit examines the transformation that the United States underwent in the latter part of the Twentieth Century. Beginning with its participation in World War II, its use of atomic weaponry, and its rivalry with the Soviet Union, the United States became the dominant global power culturally, economically and militarily. America’s change from isolationist to participant is resoundingly clear by the end of the millennium. Yet in spite of its global dominance, the internal struggle to reconcile the inconsistencies between the values of the constitutional word and the real world of mid-century United States was an ongoing challenge. The quest for equality and social justice within its own borders remained this nation’s most daunting task.

Unit Synopsis Chart

Activity

Time

Expectations

Assessment

Tasks

5.1 Essay/Seminar Topics

60 min

HIV.01, HIV.02, HI1.02, HI3.02, GCE5g

 

Introduce essay and seminar topics

5.2 America and World War II

180 min

CCV.03, COV.03, CC1.01, CO3.01, CGE7a, CGE7b, CGE7j

Knowledge/Understanding Thinking/Inquiry Communication

Application

Document analysis/Timeline

5.3 Nuremberg and the Bomb

240 min

CCV.03, CC1.01, CGE1j, CGE2e, CGE7b

Knowledge/Understanding

Thinking/Inquiry Communication

Application

Primary document analysis/writing to convince

5.4 The Cold War Heats Up – The Cuban Missile Crisis/Vietnam

420 min

COV.03, CHV.01, CH1.02, CO2.03, CGE1d, CGE3b

Knowledge/Understanding Thinking/Inquiry Communication

Application

Telejournalist role play. Sermon/speech

5.5 The Marketing of America Abroad

120 min

COV.03, CHV.03, CO3.02, CO3.03, CH3.01, CH3.02, CH3.03, CGE2a, CGE3d, CGE7f

Knowledge/Understanding Thinking/Inquiry Communication

Application

Newspaper exercise

5.6 The Struggle for Equal Rights

300 min

COV.01, CCV.01, SEV.02, CO1.03, CC1.02, SE1.03, SE1.04, CGE2a, CGE3d

Thinking/Inquiry Communication

Application

Media study

5.7 Culminating Activity

60 min

HIV.03, HI4.02, CGE4f

 

Unit Test teacher-generated

 

Activity 1:  Essay/Seminar Topics

Time:  60 minutes

Description

This activity provides the students with a list of seminar/essay topics that will focus students’ attention on subjects that are relevant to the last two units of this profile.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

HIV.01 - demonstrate an understanding of historians’ methods of locating, gathering, and organizing research materials;

HIV.02 - critically analyse historical evidence and interpretations;

HI1.02 - conduct organized research, using a wide variety of information sources;

HI3.02 - use and accepted form of academic documentation effectively and correctly.

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations

CGE5g - achieves excellence, originality and integrity in one’s own work and supports these qualities in the work of others.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

·         Students review the requirements of writing a proper thesis essay.

·         Students review the requirements of presenting an effective seminar.

Planning Notes

·         The teacher duplicates sufficient copies of the essay/seminar topics.

·         The teacher reviews with class department guidelines for essay writing and seminar presentations.

·         The teacher books Library/Resource Centre time.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   The teacher distributes the essay/seminar topics for Units 5 and 6. (Appendix 5.1.1)

2.   The teacher reviews with the class the due dates for both the essay and seminar. Topics are limited to one per student.

3.   The teacher reviews appropriate methods of recording information and note taking.

4    The teacher helps students develop a reasonable and manageable research question from the topics so that topic expectations and time lines will be met.

5.   The teacher reviews appropriate forms of footnoting and bibliographic referencing.

6.   The teacher re-examines the importance a good thesis statement in predicting, directing, and controlling the content of the essay. Thesis writing was introduced in Activity 1.6. A practice thesis writing session is important. In order to reinforce this skill, the teacher should present the students with specific passages from the text focusing on a historical issue, and have the students write a thesis statement for each issue. In groups of four to six, students could present, critique, and then refine their thesis statements. The class could then come together and examine each group’s statements collectively.

7.   The teacher reviews language conventions appropriate for essay writing. (Consult style guide/school policies)

8.   The teacher reviews the school’s plagiarism policy.

Accommodations

·         Teacher-or peer-tutor assistance may be used in choosing and researching the essay topic.

·         Length of written work may be altered for students with IEPs and or ESL/ELD students. When students are writing essays allow for conferencing, outlines to point form reviews, alternative and/or enriched work completion.

Resources

·         School Library/Resource Centre and Public library

·         Internet resources

 

 

Appendix 5.1.1

Seminary/Essay Topics

Topics that are italicised should be presented in Unit 5.

1.   The Port Chicago Mutiny – Disloyal action or a principled stand?

2.   Hollywood goes to War – Do Hollywood movies ultimately pay history a service or a disservice?

3.   The Rosenbergs –Traitors or heroes?

4.   Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Was the decision to use the bomb on these two cities an action to save American lives or a decision that had other motives behind it?

5.   Executive Order 9066 – An outrageous form of discrimination or a sensible military strategy?

6.   “The problem with Nuremberg was that it repeated the age-old principle of the victors trying the vanquished.” Should the Allies have also been on trial at Nuremberg for considered neglect of Jewish lives?

7.   Argue for or against the contention that Joseph McCarthy, alone, should assume full responsibility for House Un-American Activities Committee’s (HUAC’s) excesses.

8.   Assess the American decision to become involved in Vietnam. Was this a genuine attempt to preserve freedom in South Vietnam or a war of self-interest using Vietnam as a backdrop?

9.   Assess a Presidency from Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) to Bill Clinton. Determine how this presidency will be judged by historians.

10.  “The 1960s: A turning point where history that failed to turn.” Choose an organization e.g., the Black Panthers, the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), the Weathermen, the YIPPIES (Youth International Party members), etc. and assess this group’s success in effecting change in the United States.

11.  Examine the accuracy of a filmmaker in interpreting a modern historical issue.

12.  “Americans require an external villain to move them beyond their isolationist tendencies.” Assess the accuracy of this statement by examining the role of the demon/bogeyman in American history. Use one of the following world figures, could be used as a basis of your investigation: Noriega, Gadafi, Khomeini, Hussein, Castro, Allende, Ortega, Aidid, Milosevic.

13.  Choose an American industry and examine and evaluate how this business has impacted American culture and American history.

14.  America’s addiction to obsolescence will be responsible for its environmental demise.” Determine whether this statement accurately reflects the United States of the post-war period.

15.  Examine the two approaches to Civil Rights embodied by Malcolm X and Martin Luther King and evaluate which approach seems to have had a greater impact in the short and the long term.

16.  Assess the impact that satirists and comedians have had on the American consciousness.

17.  “Music and sports were the most important catalysts in breaking down the colour barrier in the United States.” Support or refute this statement.

18.  Support or refute the contention of the Warren Commission that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy.

19.  Construct an argument regarding an issue or event that has significantly altered or impacted the course of American women’s history since World War II.

20.  “The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) is in danger of destroying the very democracy it has been mandated to protect.” Support or refute this statement by examining CIA activities in the last fifty years.

21.  “American cynicism regarding politics has its roots in the Watergate Scandal.” Support or refute this statement.

22.  Historically analyse the American prison population with this question in mind: Does American justice serve the “American Dream”?

23.  Choose an American author or artist and evaluate their contribution to American society.

24.  Evaluate American policy in regards to communist China. Is this policy more of an example of pragmatism or a policy that is hypocritical and inconsistent with its goal of the destruction of communism abroad?

25.  A topic of your choice. You require the permission of the teacher.

 

 

 

Activity 2:  America and World War II

Time:  180 minutes

Description

Students analyse the reasons why the United States enters the war, changing its policy from isolationist to full participant. Included in the activity is an opportunity to work on the skill of précis, allowing students to assume the role of a bulletin writer for a media outlet or a scriptwriter for News of the World.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

CCV.03 - demonstrate an understanding of the use and importance of chronology and cause and effect in analysing the history of the United States;

COV.03 - analyse the nature and scope of the interactions between the United States and countries and communities beyond its borders;

CC1.01 - describe the events that marked profound changes in American history;

CO3.01 - demonstrate an understanding of the concept of Isolationism and Manifest Destiny and the effect they had on American foreign policy.

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations

CGE7a - acts morally and legally as a person formed in Catholic traditions;

CGE7b - accepts accountability for one’s actions;

CGE7j - contributes to the common good.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

·         Detecting bias in documents

·         The skill of precise writing

Planning Notes

·         Book VCR to provide students with a video overview of WW II.

·         Review the jigsaw group technique.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   The teacher reviews the various reasons for the rise of fascism, militarism, and authoritarianism in Europe and in South East Asia in the inter-war period. The inability of the League of Nations to act against aggressor nations and the policy of Appeasement will be examined. Students will develop a timeline summarising the events of aggressor nations and key players involved between 1931 and 1939 leading to the outbreak of World War II.

2.   Using the text and teacher assistance students examines whether there was a crisis of conscience in American foreign policy during the inter-war period. At any time did the United States draw back from the role of the “Good Samaritan?” Students examines why the United States failed to ratify the Treaty or Versailles and its impact on foreign policy decisions in the 1920s and 1930s. Was the U.S. isolationist? Is it fair or accurate to brand them ostriches? What were the reasons for the Disarmament agreements and Neutrality Acts and were they consistent with, or contradictory to, American interests at home and abroad.

3.   The teacher and students examine, the evolution of American policy after the outbreak of war. Some samples include The Atlantic Charter, the Lend-Lease agreement, and FDR’s speech at Charlottesville. (See Resources for more suggestions.)

4.   After presenting the information noted above, the teacher conducts a classroom discussion, “How Neutral was American Neutrality?” Students speculate on why American attitudes were changing and evolving from the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s to the oil embargo on Japan and FDR’s speeches at Charlottesville and his “Arsenal of Democracy” Speech of 1940.

5.   For extension, students could examine how Japan extended its influence throughout South East Asia (see Resources). Did it have the authority to do so? Was this given implicitly by The League of Nations in 1931 with its appeasement of Japan over the Manchuko crisis? The teacher might ask students to dig deeper to see whether the British influence of the League of Nations on the crisis of 1931 was racially motivated. Were the Chinese seen as equals and therefore worth risking lives over? If this attitude was present, how Christian an act was it? The teacher may intervene to outline how this incident and the Abyssinian Crisis of 1935 helped shape Hitler’s European policy. Finally, did Japan’s annexationist policy threaten American interests in China, the Philippines, and Indochina?

6.   Students, using the text and other resources, are given opportunities to assess the background causes and the impact of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Continuing in their small focus groups, students will examine two possibilities for the attack. Was Japan provoked? Did Pearl Harbor represent the actions of a nation pushed to desperate means by the aggressive policies of the United States in the Pacific? If so, in your estimation, were Japan’s actions justified? Conversely was the attack an act of a nation bent on regional domination? Could the answer lie somewhere in between? Or was the Pearl Harbor attack allowed because of a secret military desire on the part of some or all of the Administration to be involved in the War. Or was it simply a question of incompetent military security, which aided and worsened the destruction suffered there? Students select a representative from each table to present their findings in brief. To complement the essay process, each student is required to write a thesis statement and give four supporting pieces of evidence in point form to support one of the positions above. This assignment is to be handed in for assessment.

7.   The teacher creates a list of major events equal to the number of students in the class culminating in Pearl Harbor and the surrender aboard the USS Missouri. Assign each student an event that he or she will précis in the form of a wire service bulletin of no more than one paragraph. The teacher collects and compiles the bulletins and produces a World War II timeline/summary for each student.

8.   As an alternative approach, the teacher could organize students into groups of three or four and have them create an audio-visual “News of the World.” The group would be responsible for creating a script outlining the details of the historical event and then producing in audio or audio-visual format a “News of the World” presentation, or, if AV material is not available, a presentation could be substituted.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Note: Numbers refer to Teaching/Learning Strategies.

5    Formal assessment of thesis statement, using a teacher-developed rubric.

6    The teacher creates a checklist for the oral presentation. If a précis is used, the teacher creates a checklist to assess its thoroughness. The checklist may include: succinctness, clarity, and thoroughness.

Accommodation

·         Written material may be altered for students with IEPs or ESL/ELD difficulties.

·         Scribing or audio taping may be used with support of peer/teacher and/or special education staff.

·         The teacher or peer tutor assistance may be used in research.

·         Length of written work may be altered for exceptional students with IEPs and for ESL/ELD students.

Resources

Print

Hux, Allan, F. Jarman, and B. Gleberzon. America: A History Toronto: Globe/Modern, 1989.

Toland, John. The Rising Sun New York: Random House, 1983.

Websites

Address at Charlottesville – www.civnet.org/resources/teach/basic/part8/52.htm

Atlantic Charter – www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/atlantic.htm

Lend-Lease – www.ibiblio.org/pha/7-2-188/188-19.html

Pearl Harbour – www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1941PEARL.html

Just War Theory – www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pol116/justwar.htm

History Today – www.historytoday.com

 

Activity 3:  Nuremberg and the Bomb

Time:  240 minutes

Description

Students examine two of the most important moral and ethical issues of the war. Students study the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan. Following this, students study the principles established and the judgements made at Nuremberg. To conclude the activity, students apply their knowledge in addressing the question, Should President Truman and members of the Joint Chiefs also have been on trial at Nuremberg? Students assess these decisions as they reflect Gospel teachings and are encouraged to articulate their position in light of their developing moral conscience.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

CCV.03 - demonstrate an understanding of the use and importance of chronology and cause and effect;

CC1.01 - describe events that have marked profound changes in American history.

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations

CGE1j - recognises that sin, human weakness, conflict and forgiveness are part of the human journey;

CGE2e - uses and integrates Catholic faith tradition in the critical analysis of technology;

CGE7b - accepts accountability for one’s own actions.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

·         An understanding of Roberts Rules of Order and the debate format

·         An understanding of the chronology of the war in the Pacific

Planning Notes

·         Provide students with information on the Manhattan Project.

·         Provide students with an overview of the judgements made and principles established at Nuremberg.

·         Provide material on the differing points of view on the decision to drop the bombs.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   Students a view film on the development and use of the Atomic Bomb (refer to Resources for suggestions). Students assess the pros and cons on its use and create a balance sheet of their findings. Their balance sheet helps them develop a position with which they can engage in a class debate.

2.   Through the text and Internet, the students familiarize themselves with the major judgements made and principles established at Nuremberg.

3.   The teacher divides the class appropriately, and assigns each group a position, pro or con, for a debate of the question, Should President Truman and members of the Joint Chiefs also have been on trial at Nuremberg?

4.   For extension, the students can examine whether the decisions handed down at Nuremberg represent Old or New Testament justice.

5.   A second possibility could be: The teacher displays a definition of revisionist history and has the students examine whether the American public, or academic community, has attempted to rewrite or alter its perception of the use of atomic weaponry.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Note: Numbers refer to the Teaching/Learning Strategies.

1/3  Assess and evaluate the student’s debate.

Accommodations

·         For those students for whom a debate is inappropriate in terms of their skills and learning styles, alternative performance tasks will be necessary to demonstrate the learning.

Resources

Print

Alperovitz, Gar, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. New York: Knopf, 1995.

Bird, Kai, L. Lifschultz, Hiroshima’s Shadow: The Smithsonian Controversy, Stoney Creek: The Pamphleteer’s Press, 1998.

Hux, Allan, F. Jarman, B. Gleberzon. America: A History. Toronto: Globe/Modern Curriculum Press, 1989.

Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Random House, 1996.

Lifton, Robert Jay, Hiroshima in America. New York: Putnam, 1995.

Websites

Information on Hiroshimawww.doug-long.com/index.htm

www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/hiroshim.htm

Information on the Nuremberg Trialswww.ushmm.org

www.Yale.edu/lawweb/avalon.imt/imt.htm

Video

Judgement at Nuremberg

The World at War – Judgement B.B.C. 1985

Hiroshima: Why the Bomb was Dropped ABC NEWS/Zenger media 1995 (800)421-4246

 

Activity 4:  The Cold War Heats Up – The Cuban Missile Crisis/The Vietnam War –

A Crisis of Conscience

Time:  420 minutes

Description

After World War II, the world witnessed a steady disintegration in the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. Different ideologies, different economic, and different strategic needs produced a volatile climate. In the five years proceeding the McCarthy hysteria in the early 1960s, Cuba became the flashpoint of American fears of Soviet power. The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest that the world had ever come to nuclear war. This activity focuses on understanding both how brinkmanship brought the world to the point of nuclear war, and how the principals involved, ultimately acted for the common good. While war was averted in the Western hemisphere, America would become deeply embroiled in a conflict in southeast Asia. The war would test not only America’s military might but also its moral centre. The war was fought not only abroad, but also on American streets and campuses. Americans of all faiths and beliefs were forced into a national debate, and to take a moral stand on the war. The Catholic Church was not exempt from this debate. Differences were sharply focused in the positions taken by the Berrigan brothers and by Cardinal Spellman. The secular community was equally divided as evidenced in the speeches of Martin Luther King, Jane Fonda, Tom Hayden, Abby Hoffman, Malcolm X, Muhammad Ali, John Wayne, and Ronald Reagan. Students take the role of a priest or the role of a secular leader and write either a three-minute sermon or a three-minute speech with the intent of influencing the audience to the correctness of their position on the war.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

COV.03 - analyse the nature and scope of the interactions between the United States and countries and communities beyond its borders;

CHV.01 - describe the influence of key individuals and groups in the development of social and political identity;

CH1.02 - describe the ideologies of and roles played by faction in American history;

CO2.03 - describe the conflicts and compromises between the United States and other North American nations.

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations

CGE1d - develops and attitudes and values founded on Catholic social teaching to promote social responsibility, human solidarity, and the common good;

CGE3b - creates, adapts and evaluates new ideas in light of the common good.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

·         An understanding of the origins of the Cold War

·         An understanding of telejournalistic format such as The Fifth Estate, W5, 60 Minutes

·         An understanding of role playing

Planning Notes

·         The teacher provides a list and background information of characters that students will role play. (See Teaching/Learning Strategies 2).

·         The teacher provides a synopsis of the Cold War and an overview of Cuban Missile Crisis.

·         The teacher reserves appropriate audio-visual equipment.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

Due to time constraints teachers may wish to use one of the following approaches to this activity:

a)   Divide the class in two and have Group A work on the Cuban Missile Crisis exercise and Group B work on the Vietnam War exercise;

b)   Have the class cover the Cuban Missile Crisis using movie and textbook activities, and complete and present the Vietnam War exercise;

c)   Reverse the approach taken in (b).

A.        Cuban Missile Exercise

1.   The teacher poses the question, Was President John Kennedy justified in running the risk of causing a nuclear war in order to stop the Soviets from arming Cuba? Students, with the aid of the text, movies, and handouts, at home and in class, familiarize themselves with the tensions leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis. This should include an understanding of the philosophy and goals of communism, America’s historic anti-communist stance, The Truman Doctrine, The Gouzenko Affair, The Berlin Blockade, The Korean War, McCarthyism,, and the Bay of Pigs.

2.   When the students have familiarized themselves with the background information on the Cuban Missile crisis they will choose a character from the list provided by the teacher. The Cuban Missile Crisis News Conference lends itself to four separate roles.

Politicians and Military Leaders: American, Canadian, Soviet and Cuban John Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, Gen. Curtis Lemay, Gen. Maxwell Taylor, Adlai Stevenson, Fidel Castro, Nikita Khruschev, Andrei Gromyko, John Diefenbaker, Head of KGB.

News reporters and social scientists: Walter Cronkite, etc.

The spiritual community: Martin Luther King, The Pope, M. Ghandi, Cardinal Spellman, Rabbi Gunther Plaut, etc.

American and Cuban citizens: a school teacher in the Miami or Havana area, a parent, a teenager, an elementary student, etc.

Theme questions for role playing may include: Why are the Soviets Arming Cuba? Why are Cubans threatened by the United States? How does the Crisis threaten North America? What are the chances of stopping Cuba from arming? How far is each side willing to go? What is the likelihood of the crisis being resolved without war? What might the nature of a compromise be? What might be the economic, social, spiritual, and diplomatic consequences of the compromise? Précis the outcome of the crisis. Determine if the compromise was satisfactory to the character you are role playing. What is the legacy of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

3.   Students break up into three groups based on roles and develop their character.

4.   At this stage the class develops a cooperative learning atmosphere. The teacher assigns a number of players in role to each telejournalist/reporter (TR). The TR in cooperation with the assigned actors develop a specific set of questions, based on their research. This will help their role play.

5.   Each player should develop approximately two minutes of dialogue based on their particular questions. The students playing TRs are not limited, to but guided by these questions. The social scientists choose to examine and report on one of the following a) the short and long term consequences of the crisis, b) the legacy, c) the present day relations with Cuba.

6.   The role-playing presentation is fashioned from this exchange of ideas, and should be done on videotape to allow for continuity. Students are reminded to dress in role. The teacher chooses the order of the presenters. If taping is not feasible then the teacher may arrange the class in a theatre of the round with the TRs and the social scientists in the centre for a live news conference.

7.   The teacher presents tape presentation to class and extends discussion on the legacy.

B.        Vietnam War Exercise

1.   The teacher reviews Eisenhower’s Domino Theory with the class

2.   The teacher provides an overview of the United States’ involvement in Vietnam.

3.   The teacher divides class into the small group setting. Half of the groups are assigned topics that focus on the military aspect of the war. They research and present their findings in jigsaw fashion. Topics include: the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; President Johnson’s Escalation of the war and Selective Service; the Tet Offensive; My Lai; Vietnamisation; The Christmas Bombing, etc. After covering the military aspect of the war, students turn their attention to the “War at Home.”

4.   The remaining half of the groups are assigned topics that focus on the domestic front of the war. They research and present their findings in jigsaw fashion. Topics could include: the SDS; “Draft dodgers”; Deserters; Vietnam Veterans against the War, e.g., Ron Kovacs; Protest in Song, e.g., Country Joe and the Fish; the Catonsville Nine; the Chicago Riots and the Democratic Party Convention of 1968, etc.

5.   Once the jigsaw presentations have been completed, students should have an understanding of the profound differences of opinion that divided Americans on the war. This moral and ethical dilemma was not only played out on the streets and campuses of the United States, but also in its places of worship. This division was clearly evident in the American Catholic Church. Students empathise with this division by composing a three- to five-minute sermon outlining the pro position of Cardinal Spellman or the con position of either Daniel or Philip Berrigan. The sermon is to use references to Scripture in support of the adopted position. The teacher may provide students with resource material listed in this activity.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Note: Number refers to the Teaching/Learning Strategy.

3    The teacher develops a rubric to assess the role-playing exercise.

Accommodations

·         Allow ESL/ELD students and/or other students with oral communication difficulties to be telejournalists with fixed questions, if this allows for success.

·         Students who are unable to present in front of large groups or classes may present their dialogue alone, or to small group, or present a taped copy of their role to the teacher and/or class.

Resources

Print

Conlin, Joseph. The Troubles. Toronto: Franklin Watts, 1982.

Fursenko, Aleksandr and Naftali, Timothy. One Hell of a Gamble. New York: W.M Norton, 1997.

Gettleman, M. et al. ed Vietnam and America. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

Hux, Allan, F. Jarman, and B. Gleberzon. America: A History. Toronto: Globe/Modern Curriculum Press, 1989.

Inglis, Fred. The Cruel Peace. Everyday Life and the Cold War. New York: Harper Collins, 1991.

Kennedy, Robert. 13 Days. New York: W.W. Norton, 1969.

McMaster, H.R. Dereliction of Duty. New York: Harper-Collins, 1997.

Newman, John. JFK and Vietnam. New York: Time Warner, 1992.

Russell, Bertrand. War Crimes in Vietnam. London: Unwin Ltd., 1967.

Websites

– http://library.advanced.org/11046/

Information on the Cuban Missile Crisis – www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/cuba.htm

Information on Florida and the Crisis       – http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/index

Information on Vietnam

http://lists.village.virginia.edu/sisties/HTML_docs/VNG_News_5&1_4.html

http://vassun.vassar.edu/~vietnam/

www.askasia.org/frclasrm/readings/r000189.htm

www.catholicworker.org/dorothyday/daytext.cfm?TextID=250&SearchTerm=spellman,FrancisCardinal

www.charm.net/%7Emarc/chronicle/berrigan.html

www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/spell293300.html

www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/vietnam.htm

www.uscatholic.org/1996/08/berrigan.html

 

Activity 5:  The Marketing of America Abroad

Time:  120 minutes

Description

In the second half of the Twentieth Century, we see the United States expand its economic power on a global scale. Beginning with Richard Nixon’s 1972 trip to China we see how the United States was able to enter both the Chinese and Soviet marketplaces and target its citizenry as consumers. Starting with cola we see how American products began to transform the eastern Bloc and influence its political and social culture. Had America manifestly changed the Communist world? Does American business influence world culture? Students examine whether the world of American business, through multinational corporations, is able to shape social trends and influence foreign cultures and institutions and transform them to an American model. Is American hegemony accomplished through corporate rather than military means? In the focus activity, students analyse newspapers from around the world to determine the extent of American global influence.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Overall Expectations

COV.03 - analyse the nature and scope of the interactions between the United States and countries and communities beyond its borders;

CHV.03 - assess the influence of key individuals and groups who helped bring the United States into a position of world cultural hegemony.

Specific Expectations

CO3.02 - analyse the role of the United States in international affairs since 1945 (e.g., Cold War, Space Race, Gulf War, financial crises and the International Monetary Fund, diplomatic brokering in the Balkans and the Middle East, lobbying for human rights);

CO3.03 - assess the factors (e.g., geographic, ideological, demographic, economic) that have contributed to the United States’ status as a world power;

CH3.01 - analyse the ways in which American culture has been spread worldwide (e.g., through Hollywood films, television programming, Cold War propaganda, American advertising and consumerism);

CH3.02 - assess the impact of American culture in a variety of countries and communities (e.g. on language and attitude, democracy, human rights, individualism);

CH3.03 - describe the roles played by individuals and groups in the spread of American culture internationally (e.g., jazz musicians, the beat poets, Disney corporation, National Football League, McDonald’s).

Ontario Catholic Schools Graduate Expectations

CGE 2a - listens actively and critically to understand and learn in light of gospel values;

CGE 3d - makes decisions in light of gospel values with an informed moral conscience;

CGE 7f - respects and affirms the diversity and interdependence of the world’s peoples and cultures.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

·         An understanding of bias in the media

·         An understanding of the structure of the multinational corporation

Planning Notes

·         The teacher books the VCR and computer lab.

·         The teacher makes available profiles of multinational corporations based in the United States.

·         The teacher pre-selects global newspapers to ensure they contain the necessary sections to complete Media Analysis assignment.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   The teacher develops a brief overview of Perestroika and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Within this context students examine whether the US could expand its influence with fewer impediments.

2.   The teacher identifies the meaning and the role of transnational corporations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Trilateral Commission, and the General Agreement in Tariffs and Trades (GATT).

3.   With the guidance of the teacher, students create a list of multinational corporations that operate in Canada. Students discuss what influence they have on Canadian culture. In a brainstorming exercise students create a list of American media outlets and programs and products offered to Canadians. Students examine what influence they have on Canadians. The teacher helps the students make the transfer from the Canadian context to the global arena. The teacher poses the question: How vulnerable is the developing world to the media and global marketing?

4.   As an extension exercise, the teacher shows a documentary that explores the impact of corporate America on developing and underdeveloped nations (refer to Resources for suggestions). Students undertake a discussion on the topic: What is the impact of corporate America on the Third World? What power does the poor have to resist? Is this impact something we as Canadians should be concerned about? Useful reading on the responsibility of First World nations to the poor can be found in the Catholic Catechism, Chapter Two Article 1, 2, and 3; as well as the encyclicals Laboruem Exercens (On Human Work) and Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (Preferential Option for the Poor). A. Cussianovitch, Religious Life and the Poor, G. Gutierrez, The Power of the Poor in History, and L. Schwartz Nobel, Starving in the Shadow of Plenty. What would Jesus say about this issue?

5.   To further help students understand and assess the impact of American business media on the world, students examine a selection of newspapers from around the world that can be accessed through the Internet (see Resources). The teacher pre-select at least four newspapers from Africa, Asia, and South America. In small groups students examine the influence of American culture through advertisements, products, and news items. Students complete and submit the Media Analysis: Appendix 5.5.1. Students who read another language should explore papers of their heritage language.

Appendix 5.5.1

Newspaper Title:

Location:

Date:

Summary of the issue

Evidence of multinational influence

Possible impact on indigenous culture

Possible categories could include: Editorials; Business and Economy; Arts and Culture; Politics; Sports; Advertisements

 

 

 

 

6.   After completing the chart, students are to answer the question, “Evaluate the argument that posits world culture as actually American culture.” Students are to answer this question in a 250-word response. A rubric designed to assess short essays could be used.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Note: Numbers refer to the Teaching/Learning Strategies.

1    Roving conference to ensure that all students are on task and help with their concerns

2/3/4/5              The teacher evaluates individual newspaper assignments

Accommodations

·         Refer to exceptional students IEPs on an ongoing basis to ensure students’ needs are being met.

·         Assign a scribe to take notes for special needs students, if such accommodation is specified in student’s IEP.

·         ESL students who do not watch English language TV can view heritage language programming presented in their language.

Resources

Video

Mickey Mouse Goes to Haiti. Rudi Stern, Crowning Rooster Arts. 1996.

Books/Articles

Ambrose, S. Rise To Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938. New York: Penguin Books, 1985.

Catechism of the Catholic Church*

Cussanovich, A., Religious Life and the Poor, Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1979.

Guttierrez, G. The Power of the Poor, Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1983.

McGinnis, J.B. Bread and Justice: Toward a New International Economic Order. NY: Paulist Press, 1979.

Pope Paul VI, Pastoral Constitution, Gaudium et Spes. Boston, Daughters of St. Paul, 1965.*

Papal Encyclical. Laborem Exercens (The Priority of Labour over Capital)*

Pope John Paul II, Catholic Teaching on Human Rights and Development, On Social Concern. Sollicitudo Rei Socialis. *

*These resources can be found at: http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/commune.html

Websites

Japan Times. http://www.japantimes.co.jp

Moscow Times. http://www.moscowtimes.ru/

News India – Times. http://newsindia-times.com/

Swaziland Times. http://www.times.co.sz./swazinews

Activity 6:  The Struggle For Equal Rights

Time:  300 minutes

Description

Up to this activity we have examined how the United States has exercised its power and influence abroad. Yet prior to 1957 the majority of the American population was voiceless and powerless. With the ushering in of desegregation at Little Rock, the status quo was challenged. The struggle for empowerment and equality intensified during the second half of the Twentieth Century. Through selected issues, people, and approaches, students analyse how the media have chronicled the struggle of significant groups of Americans to define themselves, to develop a voice, and to realise the stated values of the Constitution: the achievement of a just and equal society. This activity serves as a way of linking the seminar/essay topics listed in Activity 1 with their presentation in Unit 6.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

COV.01 - demonstrate an understanding of the interactions of diverse groups and communities in the United States throughout its history;

CCV.01 - demonstrate an understanding of the historical process of change in the context of the development of American history;

SEV.02 - demonstrate an understanding of the effect on the development of American society and daily life of social and technological changes;

CO1.03 - demonstrate an understanding of the experience of African Americans to the present time, particularly in connection with slavery, emancipation, and the Civil Rights movement;

CC1.02 - describe the effects of change on the American people and society;

SE1.03 - analyse the changing roles played by minority groups in the development of American society;

SE1.04 - demonstrate an understanding of the changing roles played by women in the development of American society.

Ontario Catholic Schools Graduate Expectations

CGE 2a - listens actively and critically to understand and learn in light of Gospel value;

CGE 3d - makes decisions in light of Gospel values with an informed moral conscience.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

·         A working understanding of the jigsaw model

·         An understanding of cooperative learning

·         An understanding of the differences between documentaries and Hollywood movies

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   The teacher addresses the issue of bias and prejudice within the human experience. Students will have the opportunity to identify their own biases and their origins and evaluate them in light of our calling to create a just and compassionate society rooted in Gospel values. Students consider their prejudices and determine how they can be rectified so they can live out their faith in a changing society.

2.   The teacher reviews the status of inequality in the United States to 1950. Special care should be given to include but not be exclusive to the following constituencies: gender, race, and class.

3.   The teacher conducts a discussion on Hollywood and its shaping of the American mindset. Included in this discussion will be an examination of historical accuracy literary license and sensitivity to the constituencies who have suffered under prejudice (see Resources).

4.   The teacher divides the class into four groups of six students. The teacher selects for each group a constituency from those identified above.

5.   Students read, view, and analyse the history of the struggle for equal rights since 1950. The teacher creates a generic questionnaire to guide the students through their investigation. Each group is responsible for three tasks. The first will be to summarize the struggle of their constituency for equal rights in the Twentieth Century. The summary should be no more than two pages. The second task is to view a Hollywood film that portrays their constituent group and analyse the movie on the accuracy of its portrayal. The third task is to present their package of task one and two in a jigsaw fashion to members of the other three groups.

6.   After the jigsaw exercise has been completed, the teacher debriefs the class using the question, “Has Hollywood helped or hindered the struggle for equal rights in the United States?”

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Note: Numbers refer to the Teaching/Learning Strategies.

5/6  The teacher assesses individual and group work to ensure accuracy and completeness. Teachers may develop a group work checklist.

5/6  The teacher assesses group findings during the jigsaw exercise.

Accommodations

Students with writing difficulties may benefit from teacher assistance in organizing information.

Gifted student may evaluate alternate media, such as the Internet, to discern American influence.

Resources

Print

Alexander, Ken and Avis Glaze. Towards Freedom. Toronto: Umbrella Press, 1996.

Branch, T. Parting the Waters (America in the King Years). New York: Touchstone, 1988.

Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. New York: Holt Winston, 1970.

Davis, Natalie Zemon. Slaves on Screen. Toronto: Random House, 2000.

Miller, B. Returning to Seneca Falls. Hudson; Lindisfarne, 1995.

Morgan, Robin. The Anatomy of Freedom. New York: Anchor Press, 1980.

Nash, Gary. History On Trial. New York: Vintage, 2000.

Peck, A. Uncovering the Sixties. New York: Citadel, 1991.

Sowell Thomas. Race and Culture. New York: Basic Books, 1994.

Zinn, Howard. A Peoples’ History of the United States. New York: Harper, 1990.

Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (On Social Concerns). Papal Encyclical

Websites

www.brothermalcolm.net/

www.aclu.org/

www.naacp.org/

www.stanford.edu/group/king/

www.kn.pacbell.com/wired/BHM/little_rock/

www.feminist.org/

http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/

http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/womrts/links/htm

www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/events/sw25/

Activity 5.7:  Culminating Activity

Time:  60 minutes

Description

The culminating task for this unit is the writing of a test. The test should be helpful for examination preparation. This should be drawn from the breadth of material covered in this unit.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

HIV.03 - critically analyse historical evidence, events and interpretations;

HI4.02 - use a variety of time-management strategies effectively.

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations

CGE4f - applies effective communication, decision-making, problem-solving, time, and resource management skills.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

·         A solid foundation in historical literacy

·         Study and time management skills

Planning Notes

·         The teacher should review student learning types and develop questions that address the majority of these learning types.

·         The teacher review specific types of examination questions outcomes. Historical literacy should be the central focus of the test and it should be developed in light of recommendations made within The Ontario Curriculum Grades 9 to 12: Program Planning and Assessment document

·         Consultation with colleagues beyond the discipline will allow the development of broadly applicable skills.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

Test should cover all four learning categories.

Accommodations

·         ESL students may need extra time to complete the test and this should be provided

·         Students with learning difficulties may benefit from having extra help or extra time.

Resources

McTighe and Wiggins (1999). The Understanding by Design Handbook. Alexandria YA: ASCD. 34, 118

 


Unit 6:  An Examination of the Great Society in the Twentieth Century:

                                                                                               1900 – 2000

Time:  17 hours

Unit Description

The 20th Century belonged to the United States. It has been called the bastion of technological progress, the model of freedom and justice, and the destination for the world’s emigrants. Under the free enterprise system, the United States has produced more material wealth than any other country in the world. Through their attempt to create the “Mansion on the Hill” or “The Great Society,” Americans have faced many issues. Although the concept of the “Great Society” is a relatively new one, the idea of creating a more just society is not. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson attempted to complete some of the unfinished business that had been set out in the constitution and emphasized in the New Deal, most notably the goal of social justice as it pertained to racial and sexual equality and the desire to end poverty. This unit examines critical issues that have challenged Americans’ concept of the “Great Society”. Among the issues to be investigated are: racial, gender, and economic inequality; segregation; the reality of the melting pot; Prohibition as the great experiment; the rigidity of literalism and the Scopes Monkey Trial; the impact of technology; the Red Scare; justice and the death penalty; public education; urbanization and the death of the inner city; the question of inclusiveness and the “American Dream”; the cultural and physical challenge of the baby boomers; the Civil Rights Movement; the death of Camelot; the anti-war protest movement, and Watergate and its effect on political cynicism. These topics will be the focus of students’ essay and tutorial assignments. The culminating activity will be a student directed tutorial. Here the students will have to defend their essay’s thesis and evidence. To conclude this unit and the course, the students will be presented with two conflicting viewpoints regarding the future of the United States. The teacher conducts a class discussion assessing which of the two viewpoints better predicts what is in store for the “Great Society.”

This addendum is to be used by teachers as a guideline for the seminar presentations and the formal essay. The seminar presentation will be a defence of the student’s thesis presented in the formal essay. The seminar and essay topics are found in Appendix 5.1.1.

Unit Synopsis Chart

Activity

Time

Expectations

Assessment

Task

6.1 Twentieth-Century Issues: An Overview

180 min

HIV.01, HI1.03, CGE2a

Knowledge/ Understanding

Teacher lecture

6.2 Seminar Presentations

660 min

CCV.01, CC1.02, CC2.03, SEV.01, SEV.02, CHV.01, CH1.03, CH1.01, CH3.03, SE1.03, SE3.03, HIV.01, HIV.02, HIV.03, HI1.01, HI1.02, HI2.01, HI2.03, HI2.05, HI3.01, HI3.03, CGE2d, CGE2e

Knowledge/ Understanding Thinking/Inquiry Communication

Application

Culminating Activity Tutorial presentations and defence

6.3 Finale

180 min

HIV.02, HI2.02, HI2.03, CGE3e

Knowledge/ Understanding Thinking/Inquiry Communication

Application

Closing Activity Summary reading and classroom discussion in response to the activity’s summary question

Activity 1:  Twentieth-Century Issues: An Overview

Time:  3 hours

Description

This lesson is a teacher lecture. It will focus on the cultural, social, political, and economic themes in twentieth-century American history with a special emphasis on themes of the second half of the century. Special emphasis will be placed on evaluating these themes in light of the Gospel values.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

HIV.01 - demonstrate an understanding of the historians’ methods of locating, gathering research materials;

HI1.03 - organize research findings, using a wide variety of methods and forms such as notetaking.

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations

CGE2a - listens actively and critically to understand and learn in light of the Gospel values.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

Students are to use their note-taking skills.

Planning Notes

·         The teacher composes two lectures, which will cover the cultural, social, political and economic themes in twentieth-century American history with a special emphasis on themes of the second half of the century. Examples could include: urbanisation and economic prosperity; from segregation to the Civil Rights movement; the women’s movement from suffragette to feminism; the Melting Pot; music and its influence on social mores; Hollywood and its impact on American values and consciousness; youthquake; the impact of sports on the American psyche; social welfare and class consciousness in the United States; the labour movement and the role of unions, etc.

Teacher/Learning Strategies

The teacher reviews note-taking techniques.

Assessment and Evaluation of Student Achievement

The teacher may check students’ notes for completion.

Accommodations

·         Students with scripting problems are given a copy of lecture notes.

Resources

Print

Hux, Allan, F. Jarman, and B. Gleberzon. America: A History. Toronto: Globe/Modern Curriculum Press, 1989.

Teacher-generated resources.

 

Activity 2

Time:  660 minutes

Description

The students will develop their skills in producing a thesis-based research paper of approximately 1,000 words from a series of selected topics outlined in the first activity of Unit 5. These topics are derived from material in Units 5 and 6 with Unit 6 themes given more emphasis. Students are to follow all the proper conventions of research and documentation. While writing their paper students will present and defend their essay’s thesis in a thirty-minute tutorial. Feedback from peers and the teacher in oral and written from will assist the presenter in completing their research paper.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

CCV.01 - demonstrate an understanding of the historical process of change in the context of American history;

CC1.02 - describe the effects of change on the American people and society;

CC2.03 - describe the ongoing influence of American beliefs and myths on the history and society of the United States;

SEV.01 - demonstrate an understanding of the effect on the development of American society and daily life of social and technological changes;

SEV.02 - demonstrate an understanding of American economic development;

CHV.01 - describe the influence of key individuals and groups in the development of American social and political identity;

CH1.03 - evaluate the ideas and influence of American social, economic, and political thinkers;

CH1.01 - demonstrate an understanding of the importance of individuals and groups who have taken leadership roles in American politics and society;

CH3.03 - describe the roles played by individuals and groups in the spread of American culture internationally;

SE1.03 - analyse the changing roles played by minority groups in the development of American society;

SE3.03 - assess the effectiveness of the constitutional protection of individual rights by analysing key constitutional and legal issues;

HI2.01 - demonstrate an ability to distinguish bias, prejudice, stereotyping or a lack of substantiation in statements, arguments, and opinions;

HI2.05 - demonstrate an ability to develop a cogent thesis substantiated by effective research;

HI3.03 - express ideas, opinions, and conclusions clearly, articulately, and in a manner that respects the opinions of others.

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations

CGE2d - write and speak fluently in one or both of Canada’s official languages;

CGE2e - uses and integrates the Catholic faith tradition, in the critical analysis of the Arts, media, technology and information systems to enhance the quality of life.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

Students review the requirements of writing a proper thesis driven, evidence based, essay.

Students review the requirements of presenting an effective seminar.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   The teacher reviews with the class the department guidelines for essay writing and seminar presentations.

2.   The teacher establishes deadlines for topic choice, and interview process, for students’ seminars presentations and for essay submissions.

3.   The teacher produces the evaluation criteria and distribute to students in advance of submissions.

4.   The teacher outlines the expectations and format for a successful seminar presentation, which should include:

a)   an outline of thesis and documentary evidence to be handed out to the class at least one day in advance of the presentation;

b)   an oral presentation that should not exceed ten minutes;

c)   a student-centred discussion on the strengths and weaknesses of the dissertation exceeding no more than twenty minutes;

d)   teacher assignment of one student per presentation to begin the student-centred discussion outlined in (c) above, This means that each student delivers his or her own thesis defence and is the discussion moderator of a peer’s seminar. The student moderator introduces the seminar presenter and the topic and initiates and leads the discussion by asking the first question after the thesis has been presented. The moderator also is responsible for recognising questions, keeping time, and ensuring that decorum is maintained throughout the discussion;

e)   peer evaluation from the participants regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the presentation, to be submitted to the teacher no later than one day after the seminar;

f)    presenter submits a self-assessment upon completion.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Note: Numbers refer to the Teaching/Learning Strategies.

3    The teacher uses a rubric for essay evaluation.

4    The teacher uses a rubric for seminar evaluation.

4    The teacher and students create seminar peer and self-assessment rubrics.

Accommodations

Students who have difficulty presenting in front of large audiences may present their seminars to the teacher or present a taped copy of their seminars to the teacher and/or class.

Resources

Library/Resource Centre and Internet resources.

Essay and Seminar style guides, e.g., Kate Turabian’s style guide.


Appendix 6.2.2

 

Note to the teacher: The student’s seminar/thesis defence is an individual task on a staggered basis. It is recommended that some seminars be presented in Unit 5 and most in Unit 6. The timetables should be tailored to meet each student’s needs. We recommend that topics be handed out in advance of Unit 5 and that step 3 of the process is set nine days in advance of each student’s seminar/thesis defence presentation day. Due dates will vary. It is incumbent upon the teacher to ensure that each student is given the same number of days to complete the process.

 

Individual Sample Essay/Seminar Tracking Guideline

1.   Essay topics distributed

To be distributed no later than the beginning of Unit 5.

2.   Library/Resource Centre Research Periods

Teacher’s Discretion

3.   Bibliography and Topic

Day 1

4.   Submission of Hypothesis (One Sentence)

Day 3

5.   Submission of Outline (Point Form)

Day 6

6.   Submission of Introduction/Seminar Presentation/Thesis Defence

Day 9

7.   Submission of Body of Essay (Full Sentences)

Day 12

8.   Submission of Conclusion (Full Sentences)

Day 15

9.   Submission of Rough Draft
(Signed by Peer who has proof read paper)

Day 18

Submission of Formal Paper

Day 20

 


Activity 3:  Course Finale

Time:  180 minutes

Description

In this course concluding exercise, students will read the story, such as: “John Wayne Must Die”.  This reading will be used to stimulate a discussion on whether present day America has fulfilled the vision of her Founding Fathers.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

HIV.02 - critically analyse historical evidence, events, and interpretations.

HI2.02 - compare key interpretations of American history.

HI2.03 - identify and describe relationships and connections in the data studied.

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations

CGE3e - adopts a holistic approach to life by integrating learning from various subject areas and experience.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

·         A synthesis of the semester’s/year’s learning.

Planning Notes

·         The teacher accesses Sixties Project website listed in resources and provide students with copies of Robert Flynn’s John Wayne Must Die or similar material.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   Assign the reading as homework.

2.   In class the teacher is to have students identify the bias of the author.

3.   Students are to identify the values and beliefs attributed to John Wayne.

4.   Students are to suggest reasons why the author believes that “John Wayne Must Die”.

5.   A classroom discussion is to take place, having students use their knowledge of American history to determine if the author has identified those values which have either made America great or has prevented her from fulfilling the vision of the Founding Fathers.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Note: Number refers to the Teaching/Learning Strategy.

3    Teachers will have the option to develop alternative approaches for students to demonstrate that they have achieved mastery of the learning expectations.

Accommodations

·         Exceptional students may need additional time, access to such support materials as a computer, or other alternative approaches in order to have every opportunity to demonstrate their learning. IEPs will provide direction.

Resources

Flynn, Robert. “John Wayne Must Die” http://lists.village.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Texts/Narrative/Flynn_John_Wayne.html

 

 

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