Course Profile   Fashion and Creative Expression, Open, Catholic and Public

 

Unit 1:  The Meaning and Means of Clothing Choices

Time:  20 hours

 

Activity 1 | Activity 2 | Activity 3 | Activity 4 | Activity 5 | Activity 6

Unit Description                                       

This unit explores how clothing is currently used in today’s society and how it has been used throughout history as an expression of culture, social class, ritual, and personal, as well as family, identity. Students come to respect and support the diversity that exists within our society with respect to clothing. An understanding and an appreciation of the influences that culture has on fashion are gained. Research inquiry methods are used to study how clothing choices are motivated by both group identity and individual personality. Family, personal resources, and values are examined for their influences on clothing choices and how they meet the needs of all family members.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Strand(s):  Functions of Clothing, Research and Inquiry Skills

Overall Expectations:  FCV.01, FCV.02, FCV.03, FCV.04, ISV.01, ISV.02, ISV.04.

Specific Expectations:  FC1.01, FC1.02, FC1.03, FC1.04, FC2.01, FC2.02, FC2.03, FC2.04, FC3.01, FC3.02, FC4.01, FC4.02, IS1.02, IS2.01, IS2.02, IS2.03, IS3.02.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

Experience in small-group work including skills in collaboration, cooperation, and sharing of ideas and concepts

Experience gathering information from a variety of reference materials, writing a report, and presenting to the class

Unit Planning Notes

The teacher should:

locate teaching and classroom resources (e.g., student textbook, magazines, and other picture sources, reference books);

book audio-visual materials and equipment (Activities 1 and 3);

book computers or computer lab time, where available (Activities 5 and 6);

book library time (Activity 2);

invite a guest speaker (Activities 2 and 4);

see Planning Notes for Activity 4, which requires advance preparations by students;

organize clothing construction equipment needed for the various practical projects.

Teacher Awareness

Ensure that the school policies for Internet use are followed in preparing resources for this unit.

Consider Special Education accommodations required to meet the needs of exceptional students (IEP).

Consider ethno-cultural and religious diversity in the class and be sensitive to how these issues are dealt with in this unit.

Be sensitive to the gender, ethno-cultural, and religious diversity within the class in the selection and preparation of resources.

Unit Synopsis Chart

Activity

Time

Expectations

Assessment

Tasks

1: The Culture of Clothing: To Cover or Convey?

2 hours

FCV.01, FC1.01, FC1.04

Knowledge/
 Understanding

Thinking/
 Inquiry

Communication

Class discussion of reasons for wearing clothing

Sort flat pictures into various functions of clothing

View and discuss video

2: Clothing Clues: Who We Are and What We Do

3 hours

FCV.01, FCV.04, ISV.02, FC1.02, FC4.01, FC4.02, IS2.02

Knowledge/
 Understanding

Thinking/
 Inquiry

Communication

Application

Student research, written report, and presentation of historical clothing

Card analysis – role identity according to clothing

Flat picture analysis

Guest presenters – cultural examples of special occasion clothing

3: The Great Fashion Melting Pot

2 hours

FCV.01, FCV.02, FC1.03, FC2.02

Knowledge/
 Understanding

Thinking/
 Inquiry

Communication

Application

Idea inventory of different fashion looks evident in school community

Student personal reaction to clothing value statements

Class discussion about peer pressure effect on clothing choices

Creating personal clothing collage

Gender differences in clothing choices

4: Your Fashion Personality

4 hours

FCV.02, FC2.01, FC2.03, FC2.04

Knowledge/
 Understanding

Thinking/
 Inquiry

Communication

Application

Media Examples of how clothing defines personality

First impressions activity

Stereotypical perceptions

Dress-up to create an image

Verbal/non-verbal messages

Personal clothing diary

Personalize a clothing item

Image projected through clothing

5: Clothing for Family Members

5 hours

FCV.03, ISV.01, FC3.01, FC3.02, IS1.02

Knowledge/
 Understanding

Thinking/
 Inquiry

Communication

Application

Clothing needs of family members – bubble diagram

Personal family wardrobe analysis

Family scenarios activity

Class survey of ways to acquire clothing

Consumer comparison and personal choice

Recycle a personal clothing item

Convenience shopping

6: Investigating the Psychology of Fashion

4 hours

ISV.01, ISV.04, IS1.01, IS2.01, IS2.03,
IS3.02

Knowledge/
 Understanding

Thinking/
 Inquiry

Communication

Application

Survey questionnaire on peer attitudes to school uniform

Design school uniforms

Research into self-adornment practice

Clothing etiquette: questions and responses

Develop a newsletter to publish research results (culminating activity)

Resources

Print

Damhorst, M.L., K. Miller, and S.O. Michelman. The Meanings of Dress in Contemporary Society. Fairchild Publications, 1999. ISBN 0-719053293

Eicher, J., S.L. Evenson, and H. Lutz. The Visible Self: Global Perspectives on Dress, Culture and Society, 2nd ed. Fairchild Publications, 2000. ISBN 1563670682

Horn, M.J. The Second Skin: An Interdisciplinary Study of Clothing. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1968.
ISBN 0-395289742

Kaiser, S. The Social Psychology of Clothing: Symbolic Appearances in Context, 2nd ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., 1990. ISBN 0-023618825

Liddell, L.A. Clothes and Your Appearance. Goodheart-Willcox Co. Inc., 1988. ISBN 0-870060-35X

Molossi, G., ed. The Style Engine: Spectacle, Identity, Design and Business How The Fashion Industry Uses Style to Create Wealth. The Monaceili Press, 1998. ISBN 1885254954

Sproles, G. B. and L.D. Burns. Changing Appearances: Understanding Dress in Contemporary Society. Fairchild Publications, 1994. ISBN 1563670143

Storm, P. Functions of Dress: Tool of Culture and the Individual. Prentice-Hall Inc., 1987.
ISBN 01-33379431

Wolfe, M. Fashion. Goodheart-Willcox Co. Inc., 1997. ISBN 0-870067273

Magazines

Aboriginal Voices

Abilities

Azine (Asian-American)

Alice (multicultural)

Bazaar

Belle (full-sized Black women)

Bust (makes fun of ideals)

Canadian Living

Chatelaine

Elle

Esquire

Fashion

Flare

Gentleman’s Quarterly

Glamour

Heavy Girl

Images (Shopper’s Drug Mart)

Marie Claire

Panache (Caribbean Women)

Radiance

Seventeen

Style

Teen People

Toronto Life Magazine

Vogue

Audio/Video

Clothing Around the World. BFA Educational Media/Magic Lantern. Basic Needs Series, 1981.

Fashion. Films for Social Sciences and the Humanities, 1995. Order number BVL6476. 48 min.

Fashion and Clothing. Films for Social Sciences and the Humanities, 1998. Order number BVL10370.
53 min.

Fashion, Fads and Freedom. Learning Seed, 1999. Order number 245. 20 min.

The Way We Dress. Learning Seed. Order number 196. 24 min.

 

Activity 1:  The Culture of Clothing: To Cover or Convey?

Time:  120 minutes

Description

Students explore the reasons that clothing is worn in Canadian as well as other cultures. A variety of strategies are used to aid students in the understanding of the functions of clothing. Students gain an awareness of the cultural and ritual significance of various clothing and adornment practices.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Strand(s):  Functions of Clothing

Overall Expectations

FCV.01 - analyse the ways in which clothing is used as a means of communication, taking into consideration examples from history.

Specific Expectations

FC1.01 - identify the meanings conveyed by particular items of clothing in their function as visual symbols;

FC1.04 - describe culture’s approaches to clothing, distinguishing functional uses from those associated with pageantry and ceremony, and explain what particular items of clothing communicate.

Planning Notes

The teacher should:

become familiar with the major functions of clothing throughout the world and provide examples (T/L S 1, 2, and 3);

provide a variety of flat picture illustrating clothing used for different reasons throughout the world (T/L S 2);

obtain video, reserve VCR, preview video, and prepare handout (T/L S 3).

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   The teacher poses the question, “Why do people wear clothing?” Students brainstorm reasons for wearing clothing, which reflect their own culture as well as other cultures throughout the world. The teacher records ideas and uses mind-mapping strategy to sort ideas into major functions of clothing (e.g., protection, modesty, attractiveness, self-esteem, observance of ritual, communication of identity, etc.). Students record the mind map in their notebooks for future reference.

2.   The teacher provides a variety of flat pictures (e.g., magazine, calendar, postcard, etc.) illustrating each of the functions of clothing, including clothing for different occupations or activities, clothing for specific celebrations, clothing for various climates, and clothing worn in a variety of cultures. In small groups, students are given a mixed package of pictures, are asked to label them according to function, and then explain their findings to the class.

3.   Students view video showing clothing practices throughout the world. Using teacher-prepared discussion questions, students recall examples from the video of each of the functions of clothing, as well as how clothing communicates and symbolizes activity. Students record examples in their notes.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Task/Product

Tool

Purpose

Achievement Chart Category

Notes (T/L S 1 and 3)

Criterion Referenced Checklist

Formative

Knowledge/Understanding

Distinguish the functions of clothing (Activity 6)

Test at end of unit

Summative

Knowledge/Understanding

Thinking/Inquiry

Communication

Application

Accommodations

Groups may be predetermined in order to meet the needs of all students.

Provide a template to assist students with note taking.

For student enrichment, students invite members of various cultural groups represented in the community to show examples of clothing from their culture and explain the functional and symbolic significance of this clothing to the class.

Resources

Print

Ariel Books Staff. Fashion: Bustles to Bikinis. Andrews and McMeel Publishers, 1996.
ISBN 0-836209966

Breward, Christopher. The Culture of Fashion: A New History of Fashionable Dress. McClelland and Stewart, 1995. (600 years of fashion culture and social meanings) ISBN 0-719041252

Craik, Jennifer. The Face of Fashion: Cultural Studies in Fashion. Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1994. ISBN 0-415052629

Davis, Fred. Fashion, Culture and Identity. Chicago Press, 1994. ISBN 0-226138097

Entwistle, Joanne. Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress and Modern Social Theory. 2000.
ISBN 0-74562006X

Riberiro, A. and V. Cummings. The Visual History of Costume. Drama Books, 1990. ISBN 0-896762211

Rowland, Warne, L. Costume. Dorling Kindersley Ltd., 1992.

Steele, Valerie. Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body and Culture. Berg Publishing, 1998.
ISBN 1859734170

Tortora, P. and K. Eubank. Survey of Historic Costume, 3rd ed. Fairchild Publications, 1998.
ISBN 0-870056328

Wolfe, M. Fashion. Goodheart-Willcox Co. Inc., 1997. ISBN 0-870067273

Websites

CNN – http://www.cnn.com/world (carries clothing and fashion issues from around the world)

Metropolitan Museum – http://www.metmuseum.org

Audio/Video

Clothing Around the World. BFA Educational Media/Magic Lantern. Basic Needs Series, 1981.

Fashion. Films for Social Sciences and the Humanities, 1995. Order number BVL6476. 48 min.

Fashion and Clothing. Films for Social Sciences and the Humanities, 1998. Order number BVL10370.
53 min.

Fashion, Fads and Freedom. Learning Seed, 1999. Order number 245. 20 min.

The Way We Dress. Learning Seed. Order number 196. 24 min.

Under One Sky: Arab Women in North America Talk about the Hijab. National Film Board of Canada.

 

Activity 2:  Clothing Clues: Who We Are and What We Do

Time:  180 minutes

Description

Students investigate and examine historical examples of clothing differentiation according to social class or role. Based on their research, students design costumes for two people from two different social classes for a particular time period. Students become aware of how certain clothing styles/types identify the wearer’s occupation, as well as how this varies between cultural groups. Dress code expectations for specific occasions are also explored. To summarize this activity, there is a class discussion on how all of the factors considered in the activity have changed over time.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Strand(s):  Functions of Clothing, Research and Inquiry Skills

Overall Expectations

FCV.01 - analyse the ways in which clothing is used as a means of communication, taking into consideration examples from history;

FCV.04 - identify the criteria used in selecting appropriate clothing for particular functions and occasions;

ISV.02 - use a variety of print and electronic sources and telecommunications tools in conducting research.

Specific Expectations

FC1.02 - explain the role that clothing has played in defining different classes or roles within society, drawing on examples from particular periods in history;

FC4.01 - describe the dress code that would be appropriate for a variety of jobs and special occasions;

FC4.02 - compare features of the clothing worn by members of particular professions or occupations in two or three different societies;

IS2.02 - demonstrate an ability to organize and interpret information gathered through research, summarizing the main points of articles, interviews, and other research materials.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

Knowledge about the functions of clothing and how clothing communicates, gained in Activity 1.

Planning Notes

The teacher should:

locate historical clothing reference materials, cited in Resources and provide these in the classroom; OR

arrange for students to visit the school Library/Resource Centre, giving them direction to locate research materials (T/L S 1);

provide an assignment outline for students to research their assigned historical time period (T/L S 1)

prepare four identical sets of role cards; each card in a set has a different role description (T/L S 2);

provide a variety of flat pictures or photographs depicting special occasions as celebrated in a variety of cultures (T/L S 3).

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   Pairs of students are assigned a specific historical time period to investigate. Students record information in a report format as to the typical clothing worn by royalty, cleric, noble persons, and common people, along with the reasons for the differences in clothing worn by various social classes. Suggested time periods are: Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman, Medieval, Gothic, Renaissance, Empire, Baroque, and Victorian. Students design and sketch two theatre costumes for their time period, one for a noble person and one for a commoner. The teacher may provide a male and female croqui to assist students with costume design. Students present their written information and their designs to the class. Students are given instruction in class and may complete the assignment as homework.

2.   The teacher creates sets of role cards. Each card in the set has a different description of a role that could describe either a person’s career, a hobby, or an interest (e.g., dental hygienist, fitness instructor, restaurant waiter/waitress, TV game show hostess/host, office manager, child care worker, stay at home parent, golfer, hockey player, coach, dancer, walker, hiker, gardener, swimmer, cyclist, etc.). Each student in the class receives one card (e.g., for 25 students there should be five sets of five cards). Each card also has spaces provided for recording several descriptions of suitable clothing for each role. Students are divided into equal groups. Each group receives a set of cards. Students discuss and record a description of clothing suitable to each of the roles on their card. In their groups, students discuss their findings. The teacher leads a class discussion on findings and collects student responses on an overhead chart; students complete a corresponding chart. The teacher leads a discussion of the significance of similarities between each group’s descriptions of the same role, as well as how these descriptions may differ in various societies. Students make notes.

3.   The teacher provides a variety of pictures of young people celebrating special occasions (e.g., graduation, wedding, funeral, baptism, christening, bar mitzvah, etc.), or students are asked to bring to class photographs of special family occasions. The teacher leads a class discussion of required dress codes or customary clothing practices for various special occasions. In small groups, students create a list of guidelines for special occasions. All students record information for future reference.

4.   Summary discussion: Students identify the ways in which clothing can communicate social class, gender, career roles, cultural practices, social codes of conduct, and how these have changed over time. Students record the information in their notes.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Task/Product

Tool

Purpose

Achievement Chart Category

Historical clothing research report and presentation (T/L S 1)

Criterion Referenced Checklist

Summative

Thinking/Inquiry

Communication

Notes
(T/L S 2, 3, and 4)

Criterion Referenced Checklist

Formative

Knowledge/Understanding

Guidelines for special occasions (T/L S 3)

Criterion Referenced Checklist

Summative

Thinking/Inquiry

Application

Explain how clothing reflects social status and dress code expectations (Activity 6)

Test at end of unit

Summative

Knowledge/Understanding

Thinking/Inquiry

Communication

Application

Accommodations

Provide vocabulary sheets for clothing terminology for ESL students.

Provide templates for note-taking.

Groups may be predetermined in order to meet the needs of all students.

A student helper may assist with the classroom presentation of the materials.

Students who have a difficulty in transferring research into written form may choose to make an oral presentation to the teacher/class.

For student enrichment, students invite members of various cultural groups to display or wear examples of clothing appropriate for specific occasions within their particular culture (e.g., wedding attire), as well as examples of clothing used in specific roles or jobs within their culture.

For student enrichment, students assist with costume design for school drama production.

As an extension, invite a curator or representative from the local museum to bring garments, constructed in the past (over 100 years old) or from another culture, to demonstrate and discuss techniques of clothing construction in the past and how labour intensive this process was. The class could also visit the museum.

Resources

Print

Blair, Joanne. Fashion Terminology. Prentice-Hall Canada, 1991. ISBN 0-132993554

Dalziel, Kim and Margaret Knight. Fashion Through the Ages: From Overcoats to Petticoats. Viking Press, 1998. ISBN 0-670865214

Nunn, Joan. Fashion in Costume 1200-2000. New Amsterdam, 2000. ISBN 156663279X

Rothstein, Natalie. 400 Years of Fashion. Victoria and Albert Publications, 1999. ISBN 1851773010

Steele, Valerie. Fetish: Fashion, Sex and Power. Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 019590446

Tierney, Tom. Ancient Egyptian Fashions. Dover Publishers, 1999.

Wolfe, M. Fashion. Goodheart-Willcox Co. Inc., 1997. ISBN 0-870067273

Websites

Costume resource file – www.marquise.de/webring/costumering.html

Costume reference – www.pconline.com/~tomdolan/costume/htm

World of fashion on-line – www.fashion-planet.com

Appendices

Unit 1, Appendix 1 – Historical Clothing Research, Criterion Referenced Checklist

Unit 1, Appendix 2 – Guidelines for Special Occasions, Criterion Referenced Checklist

 

Activity 3:  The Great Fashion Melting Pot

Time:  120 minutes

Description

Students examine the clothing styles of their peer group to determine the relative importance of individual choice versus conformity to the group. An opportunity to express their own values on personal clothing choices and describe their own clothing identity is given to students through the creation of a personal clothing collage.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Strand(s):  Functions of Clothing

Overall Expectations

FCV.01 - analyse the ways in which clothing is used as a means of communication, taking into consideration examples from history;

FCV.02 - demonstrate an understanding of psychological, sociological, and cultural attitudes towards beauty, fashion, and apparel.

Specific Expectations

FC1.03 - demonstrate an understanding of the effects that clothing can have on social interaction;

FC2.02 - describe how clothing and some types of adornment affect group dynamics, group cohesion, and acceptance by the group.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

Knowledge of clothing and fashion gained in Activities 1 and 2.

Planning Notes

The teacher should:

provide students with a list of clothing value statements on an overhead or as a handout (T/L S 2);

locate video, book VCR, preview video, and prepare discussion questions for video (T/L S 3);

provide magazines for cutting, paper, glue, and scissors for students to create a collage (T/L S 4);

provide magazines and catalogues for students to locate examples of unisex and gender-specific clothing (T/L S 4);

see Planning Notes for Activity 4, which requires advance preparations by students.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   The teacher asks students to describe the clothing look currently in fashion for their peer group. The teacher records student descriptions on an overhead. Students record in their notebooks. The teacher poses the question “ Does everyone in your peer group follow the same clothing look or style?” The teacher then asks students to describe the various clothing looks evident throughout the school and then records these ideas as an inventory list on an overhead.

Students are divided into equal groups. Each group is assigned an equal number of clothing looks from the inventory list. Groups discuss and record a description of the specific clothing and adornment practices (e.g., make-up, jewellery) that characterize each look on their list. Students present their descriptions to the class. The teacher records key descriptors for each look on inventory overhead.

Look

Clothing

Adornment

 

 

 

2.   Students react personally to a list of clothing value statements given to them on an overhead or handout (e.g., I like to stand out in a crowd, I feel most comfortable wearing clothing similar to my friends, I believe that people judge you by what you wear, I believe that wearing brand-name clothing logos contributes to peer popularity). Students share their views in small groups or with the class.

3.   Show a video on clothing choices as a discussion starter. Students recall and discuss situations in which they felt inappropriately dressed, giving consideration as to why they felt uncomfortable and what they did about it. The teacher leads a discussion of the positive and negative aspects of peer pressure on clothing choices (e.g., how and why brand names play an important role in determining status and popularity). Students record their thoughts on handout provided.

4.   Students individually create a personal clothing collage using magazine pictures and, if available, using photographs or small objects. They represent their personal clothing and adornment style with pictorial or object examples. Students consider the following factors when designing the collage of their clothing style: adornment style, the effect of their clothing and adornment style on group dynamics and group cohesion, acceptance by the group, and statements they are trying to make with both their clothing and their adornments. This may be either done in class or for homework.

5.   Students begin a personal clothing diary for use in Activity 4.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Task/Product

Tool

Purpose

Achievement Chart Category

Notes
(T/L S 1)

Criterion Referenced Checklist

Formative

Knowledge/Understanding

Express personal clothing values handout (T/L S 2 and 3)

Criterion Referenced Checklist

Formative

Thinking/Inquiry

Personal clothing collage
(T/L S 4)

Criterion Referenced Checklist

Summative

Application

Explain significance of peer pressure and gender differences in clothing (Activity 6)

Test at end of unit

Summative

Knowledge/Understanding

Communication

Accommodations

Groups may be predetermined in order to meet the needs of all students.

Provide template to assist students with note-taking.

For student enrichment, students survey their peer group beyond their class regarding T/L S 1.

For enrichment, students collate research results and present them to the class.

For enrichment, the teacher directs students to find pictorial examples or to list examples from popular TV shows of clothing styles that are unisex (e.g., jeans) and those that are gender specific (e.g., formal wedding attire).

Resources

Print

Blum, D.E. Best Dressed: Fashion from the Birth of Couture to Today. Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997. ISBN 0876331185

Crane, Diana. Fashion and its Social Agendas: Class, Gender and Identity in Clothing. University of Chicago Press, 2000. ISBN 0-226117987

De la Haye, A. and C. Dingwall. Surfers, Soulies, Skinheads and Skaters: Sub-cultural Style from the Forties to the Eighties. The Overlook Press, 1996. ISBN 0-879576895

Edwards, Tim. Men in the Mirror: Men’s Fashion, Masculinity and Consumer Fashion. Cassell Academic Publishers, 1997. ISBN 0-304337897

Fischer, R. and L. Newcomb. The Buzz on Fashion. Liebhar-Friedman Publishers, 2000.
ISBN 0-86308168

Horn, M.J. The Second Skin: An Interdisciplinary Study of Clothing. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1968.
ISBN 0-395289742

McRobbie, Angela. In the Culture Society: Art, Fashion and Popular Music. Routledge, 1999.
ISBN 0-415137500

Roetzel, B. Gentlemen: A Timeless Fashion. Konenmann Publishers, 1999. ISBN 3829020295

Steele, Valerie. Fifty Years of Fashion: From New Look to Now. Yale University Press, 1997.
ISBN 0-300087381

Wolfe, M. Fashion. Goodheart-Willcox Co. Inc., 1997. ISBN 0-870067273

Websites

Fashion trendsetter news – http://www.fashion.at

Progressive fashion magazine for men and women – http://www.hintmag.com

Audio/Video

Fashion and Clothing. Films for Social Sciences and the Humanities, 1998. Order number BVL10370.
53 min.

Fashion, Fads and Freedom. Learning Seed, 1999. Order number 245. 20 min.

The Way We Dress. Learning Seed. Order number 196. 24 min.

Appendices

Unit 1, Appendix 3 – Personal Clothing Collage, Criterion Referenced Checklist

 

Activity 4:  Your Fashion Personality

Time:  240 minutes

Description

Social influences of clothing, first impressions, and how clothing creates stereotypical personality images are discussed. Using accessories, students create looks that portray a particular image to their peers. Students keep a diary of their personal clothing choices and analyse them. How to dress appropriately in a variety of situations to best reflect their personality will be explored. Students have the opportunity to personalize an item of clothing, and explain how this change reflects their personality. An image consultant speaks to the class, explaining how we express our personality through the clothing selections we make and how we should dress for an interview.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Strand(s):  Functions of Clothing

Overall Expectations

FCV.02 - demonstrate an understanding of psychological, sociological, and cultural attitudes towards beauty, fashion, and apparel.

Specific Expectations

FC2.01 - describe how clothing affects body language, behaviour, grooming, and social etiquette;

FC2.03 - demonstrate an understanding of how clothing is selected to suit an individual’s personality traits; to project a desired image; to reflect social role, age, and lifestyle; to satisfy the requirements of ceremonies and dress codes; and to reflect or mask self-concept and the need to attract attention or rebel;

FC2.04 - describe how the choice of clothing and adornments is affected by both personal considerations and external social factors.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

Knowledge of clothing and fashion issues gained in previous activities.

Planning Notes

The teacher should:

prior to this activity, ask students to keep a personal clothing diary for five days for analysis of clothing choices (T/L S 6);

prepare a handout for students to record a personal clothing diary;

if the board has a video agreement, then the teacher could select and preview several videos that demonstrate how clothing can misrepresent the personality of the wearer (T/L S 1);

locate video, book VCR, preview video, and prepare discussion questions for video (T/L S 1);

select magazine pictures of expressive faces, mount each picture, attach an envelope to the back of each picture, and prepare blank response cards (T/L S 2);

prepare several brown bags, each containing clothing items to create a clothing look or image; each bag is different and should be as creative as possible. The purpose of the bag of clothing is to inspire students to use their imagination to create many different looks (T/L S 4);

provide basic garment embellishments or instruct students to purchase needed supplies (T/L S 7);

prepare information to students about safe use of sewing equipment (T/L S 7);

provide a template for a hang-tag (a basic card stock manufacturers tag containing information such as: fibre content; garment care; guarantee/warranty specifics; information on the manufacturer, any other information the manufacturer wishes the consumer to know) (T/L S 7);

invite an image consultant to be a guest speaker, if available (T/L S 8).

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   In small groups, students brainstorm examples of current TV and film personalities whose clothing accurately reflects the role that they play. Show a video that reflects the relationship between roles and the use of clothing. The teacher leads a discussion of how clothing or costume design successfully contributes to the portrayal of personality attributes of film and TV characters and how clothing influences the behaviour of people.

2.   Students work with a partner. Each pair is given a magazine picture of a person with a distinct facial expression that portrays evidence of personality. Each student is given several blank response cards. Both partners examine the picture. Each secretly records their first impression on one of the blank response cards and then inserts the response card into the envelope attached to the back of the picture. The picture is passed on to several different groups so that there are at least six different respondents to each picture. The teacher collects the pictures with attached response cards. One picture at a time, the teacher removes all cards, reads responses, and leads a discussion to collate similarity of first impressions.

3.   The teacher asks students to recall and share a personal experience in which their first impression of someone was inaccurate and how they personally resolved this. The teacher directs students to devise stereotypical descriptions of a fashion model and a preschool teacher and leads a discussion of how stereotypical ideas can limit the perception of a person.

4.   The teacher provides a different bag of assorted clothing to each group of students (see Planning Notes). Group members dress one student up with the contents of their bag to create specific images. Other groups guess the intended image. Students create as many different images as possible.

5.   The teacher leads a discussion about the difference between verbal messages (e.g., words and tone) and non-verbal messages (e.g., clothing, grooming, body language, and manners), using examples of each.

6.   Students are given a personal clothing diary handout in advance of this class. In the diary, they list clothing items worn each day and the reason for wearing each outfit. Students bring the completed diary to class. Students analyse their clothing choices, taking into consideration how the choices reflect their personality and lifestyle.

7.   Students are instructed about safety procedures to be followed while sewing. Students are asked to bring to class a personal clothing item (e.g., t-shirt, hat, sweatshirt, jeans, backpack). The teacher and/or students provide supplies (e.g., fabric, thread, embroidery floss, fabric glue, buttons, fabric paint, fabric crayons) to personalize the items. Students create a hangtag to describe how this item reflects their personality.

8.   The teacher invites an image consultant as a guest speaker to talk about how to dress for an interview and how to express yourself through your clothing.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Task/Product

Tool

Purpose

Achievement Chart Category

Personal clothing diary and analysis (T/L S 6)

Anecdotal comments and checklist

Summative

Thinking/Inquiry

Personalized clothing item and hang-tag (T/L S 7)

Criterion Referenced Checklist

Summative

Application

Explain limitations of clothing perceptions (Activity 6)

Test at end of unit

Summative

Knowledge/Understanding

Communication

Accommodations

Provide a template for note taking.

Groups may be predetermined in order to meet the needs of all students.

Provide specialized equipment for students with special needs.

For student enrichment, students complete a clothing diary for another person and prepare a personality and lifestyle analysis for this person.

For enrichment, students prepare questions for the image consultant guest speaker.

For enrichment, discuss how clothing that typically identifies ethnicity, race, and culture may create misleading personality stereotypes.

For enrichment, students create an accessory item (e.g., hat, purse, scarf that reflects their own personality).

Resources

Print

Barnard, Malcolm. Fashion as Communication. Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1996. ISBN 0-415111579

Engelmeier, Peter and Regine. Fashion in Film. MacMillan, 1990. ISBN 379131808X

Fox, Patty. Star Style: Hollywood Legends as Fashion Icons. Angel City, 1999. ISBN 1883318033

Hagey, Thomas. Vague: The Fashion Parody. Firefly Books, 1997. ISBN 1552090566

Horn, M.J. The Second Skin: An Interdisciplinary Study of Clothing. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1968.
ISBN 0-395289742

Klein, Naomi. No Logo: Taking Aim At The Brand Bullies. Vintage Canada, 2000. ISBN 0-312203438

Lurie, A. The Language of Clothes. Vintage Books-Random House, 1981. ISBN 0-805062440

Watson, Linda. Vogue: Twentieth Century Fashion. Carlton Books Ltd., 2000. ISBN 1858688590

Wolfe, M. Fashion. Goodheart-Willcox Co. Inc., 1997. ISBN 0-870067273

Websites

Fashion cover models – http://www.fashion.tripnet.se

Celebrity fashion news – http://www.fashiondish.com

Audio/Video

Fashion and Clothing. Films for Social Sciences and the Humanities, 1998. Order number BVL10370.
53 min.

Fashion, Fads and Freedom. Learning Seed, 1999. Order number 245. 20 min.

The Way We Dress. Learning Seed. Order number 196. 24 min.

Appendices

Unit 1, Appendix 4 – Personalized Clothing Item Hang Tag, Criterion Referenced Checklist

Unit 1, Appendix 5 – Classroom Safety Rules for Fashion and Creative Expression

 

Activity 5:  Clothing for Family Members

Time:  300 minutes

Description

Students investigate the influences of a family’s lifestyle on the clothing needs of family members. Next, students examine their own family’s clothing needs and explore a variety of ways to acquire clothing for their family. Finally, they demonstrate resourceful ways to recycle a non-useable clothing item (e.g., making a pencil case out of the cut-off legs of pants, shorts out of pants with worn-out knees, tie dying a stained T-shirt, etc.).

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Strand(s):  Functions of Clothing, Research and Inquiry Skills

Overall Expectations

FCV.03 - identify the criteria used by families in making decisions and purchases;

ISV.01 - use appropriate social science research methods in the investigation of topics related to fashion, clothing, and textiles.

Specific Expectations

FC3.01 - demonstrate an understanding of how various aspects of family life influence an individual’s clothing choices;

FC3.02 - describe the ways in which families use their resources to meet clothing needs;

IS1.02 - demonstrate an understanding of the research methods used in the study of fashion.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

Knowledge of clothing and fashion issues gained in previous activities.

Planning Notes

The teacher should:

become familiar with factors that influence family clothing choices and with various methods of acquiring clothing;

prepare a bubble diagram handout, pre-labelled with headings of each factor influencing clothing needs (T/L S 1);

prepare an overhead chart to record students’ key reasons for family wardrobe choices (T/L S 2);

develop several family scenarios (describing family composition and lifestyle characteristics), ensuring that they reflect many different family situations within their community (T/L S 3);

prepare a frequency tally chart format to record student responses for frequency of each method of acquiring clothes (T/L S 4);

prepare a list of clothing situations for groups to solve, ensuring that they reflect different family situations and families within their community (T/L S 7);

prepare information for students regarding safety procedures when using sewing equipment
(T/L S 8);

be able to assist students with clothing construction techniques in order for them to be able to repair or remake clothing (T/L S 8);

organize sewing equipment to ensure safety of students (T/L S 8);

provide students with or instruct students to bring the supplies necessary for repairing or remaking a personal clothing item (T/L S 8).

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   Students complete a bubble diagram that describes their own family’s clothing needs. Each bubble contains one of the factors that influence clothing needs (e.g., family structure, occupation/role, family values, lifestyle activities/interests, special needs of family members, and location of family). Students complete the bubble diagram by giving two different examples, specific to their family, for each factor.

2.   Students are asked to visualize the wardrobe of two different family members (e.g., themselves and one other). Each student analyses the two wardrobes, giving reasons for the clothing choices of each person, using the above factors as headings. The teacher records key reasons from students’ ideas under each heading on an overhead chart. The teacher leads a discussion on how occupation, family role, and lifestyle influence clothing decisions.

3.   The teacher creates several family scenarios describing family composition and main lifestyle characteristics. There should be an attempt to have a wide variety of family types (e.g., A couple with two children; she is a teacher, he is a dentist; the children are 7 and 10 years of age. The whole family likes to skate and cross-country ski. Single mother with two children aged 2 and 4, who attend the local day-care centre and enjoy outings to the local park. College/university student on a tight budget, who likes to ride a bike. Single father of a twelve-year-old son who enjoys snow boarding in the winter and skate boarding in the summer). Divide the class into small groups. Assign each a different scenario. Student groups devise a clothing list for their scenario considering occupation, family role, and lifestyle. Students present their clothing ideas to the class, giving reasons for their choices.

4.   Students list the last ten items of clothing that they have acquired, including outfits worn on special occasions. Students brainstorm different ways of acquiring clothing (e.g., new purchase, gift, second hand, hand-me-down, borrowed or shared, hand-made, rental). Students analyse their list of ten clothing items, indicating how each one was acquired. The teacher records a frequency tally for each way of acquiring clothing and leads a discussion of class trends.

5.   The teacher leads a discussion of the lifestyle advantages and disadvantages of different ways of acquiring clothing (e.g., going to the mall, mail-order, Internet shopping, discount store, Salvation Army, Goodwill, factory outlet, hand-me-downs, etc.).

6.   Students investigate different ways to acquire a dress or suit for the upcoming prom. Through Internet searches, print advertising, or visits to local suppliers, students collect information as to the cost, availability, convenience, and other considerations of each way. Students select one preferred method of acquiring their outfit and write a one-page rationale for this choice. Students submit their research in the form of a comparison chart showing their investigation. Students make a 3- to 5-minute report of their findings to the class.

Outfit

Method 1

Method 2

Method 3

Method 4

 

Cost:

Availability:

Convenience:

Other:

Cost:

Availability:

Convenience:

Other:

Cost:

Availability:

Convenience:

Other:

Cost:

Availability:

Convenience:

Other:

7.   The teacher provides a list of clothing situations in which each clothing item is no longer useful (e.g., black T-shirt has faded but is in good condition; jeans with a broken zipper; jeans with a stain below the knee, etc.). In groups, students brainstorm creative solutions to recycling each clothing item.

8.   In preparation for practical activities, the teacher teaches students safety procedures. The teacher distributes list of safety rules (Unit 1, Appendix 5) and posts a copy in the classroom. Each student brings in a personal or family clothing item that no longer meets the needs of a family member. Each student decides on an appropriate, low-cost solution to make this item useful for a family member and obtains the materials to implement the solution. Students complete this project at school.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Task/Product

Tool

Purpose

Achievement Chart Category

Cost and availability comparison research assignment (T/L S 5)

Rubric

Summative

Thinking/Inquiry

Recycle a personal clothing item (T/L S 7)

Criterion Referenced Checklist

Summative

Application

Explain how family clothing decisions are influenced by occupation and lifestyle (Act. 6)

Test at end of unit

Summative

Knowledge/Understanding

Application

Communication

Accommodations

Provide templates for written work.

Groups may be predetermined in order to meet the needs of all students.

Provide specialized equipment to students with special needs (e.g., sewing machines that are controlled by hand, left-handed equipment, wheelchair-accessible equipment, etc.).

The assignment (T/L S 6) is altered so the student researches only two ways to acquire an outfit or increased time is allowed in order to accommodate special learning needs.

For students who cannot obtain an item of clothing to recycle, fabric scraps may be substituted.

For enrichment, students research their own family clothing budget and family clothing consumer practices, and then they write a report.

For enrichment, using the family scenarios from T/L S 3, students do a mock purchase using the Internet to select one outfit per family member for one occasion, keeping within budget. Students record their choices and present findings to the class.

Resources

Print

Fiore, A.M. and A. Kimie. Understanding Aesthetics: For the Merchandising and Design Professional. Fairchild Publications, 1997. ISBN 1563670828

Horn, M.J. The Second Skin: An Interdisciplinary Study of Clothing. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1968.
ISBN 0-395289742

Kefgen, M. and P. Touchie-Specht. Individuality in Clothing Selection and Personal Appearance: A Guide for the Consumer, 4th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1986. ISBN 0-130116378

Wolfe, M. Fashion. Goodheart-Willcox Co. Inc., 1997. ISBN 0-870067273

Websites

Guide to shopping on the net – http://www.fashion.net

Appendices

Unit 1, Appendix 5 – Classroom Safety Rules for Fashion and Creative Expression

 

Activity 6:  Investigating the Psychology of Fashion

Time:  240 minutes

Description

Students are divided into small groups. Individually, students complete one of the following assignments within their group: investigate peer opinions regarding school uniforms and create potential uniform designs; research a clothing self-adornment tradition; or gather information regarding clothing etiquette. Each student is responsible for publishing his/her research results in an appropriate format.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Strand(s):  Research and Inquiry Skills

Overall Expectations

ISV.01 - use appropriate social science research methods in the investigation of topics related to fashion, clothing, and textiles;

ISV.04 - communicate the results of their inquires effectively.

Specific Expectations

IS1.01 - correctly use terminology related to fashion, clothing, and textiles;

IS2.01 - formulate appropriate research questions to frame their inquiries;

IS2.03 - interpret charts, graphs, and statistical data presented in the literature and produce graphs and charts to organize information gathered through their research;

IS3.02 - effectively communicate the results of their inquiries, using a variety of methods and forms.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

Experience gathering data by using a questionnaire;

Knowledge of clothing and fashion issues gained in previous units.

Planning Notes

The teacher should:

gather or prepare support materials to help students appropriately design a questionnaire (T/L S 1);

prepare a frequency tally chart on an overhead to collect and collate student (T/L S 2);

prepare a template to develop a chart and a graph (T/L S 2);

prepare a list of historical self-adornment traditions and direct students to do research investigation (T/L S 3);

gather examples of newspaper articles to exemplify the writing style to be used for the article on self-adornment practice (T/L S 4);

where available, book computer lab for students to publish the results of research activities (T/L S 5);

arrange suitable distribution or a display area for the newsletter and uniform design ideas (T/L S 6);

prepare an end-of-unit test and make arrangements for students with special needs to complete the test (T/L S 7).

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   The teacher explains the fashion newsletter project to the class. Students are required to complete one aspect of the research to compile a fashion newsletter for their school. Each group designs research questions, completes research, and communicates the results of their research in an appropriate manner for their activity (see Groups A, B, and C). Students are given class time to develop the questions and do research. They complete the written component of the assignment at home or at school depending on time available.

2.   Group A

·         The teacher assists students in designing a short questionnaire to survey their peers about wearing a school uniform (e.g., Are you in favour of a school uniform? Does a uniform increase school spirit? Does a uniform stifle individuality? What uniform design do you prefer?).

·         Each student polls five peers (not in the class). The teacher assists students in collating results and in preparing charts and graphs to illustrate the data (ideally they should be computer-generated).

·         The teacher leads a class discussion of the results in order to draw conclusions about the importance of individuality vs. conformity.

·         Using response ideas in small groups, students design several versions of a school uniform for male and female students. This work is best done on a computer.

3.   Group B

·         Students research a historical self-adornment tradition practised by a particular culture.

·         Their investigations should question how the adornment was used as a means of protection, modesty, identification, status, decoration, or observance of ritual.

·         Students also determine whether this tradition exists in the same or some other form today.

·         Results are written as a short newspaper-style article with an interesting title.

4.   Group C

·         Students reflect on a personal experience of selecting clothing for a specific occasion.

·         They come up with a series of questions relating to their clothing situation. Students then write Advice Column letters, based on their questions, asking for advice on what to wear.

·         Students exchange letters.

·         They research the responses using a variety of sources (e.g., parent, grandparent, personnel manager, image consultant, wedding consultant, etc.) and write appropriate responses.

5.   Each group compiles all individual submissions from group members. Students access software and publishing packages within the school to word process their work. Groups ensure that they are using a variety of methods for reporting their information within the group. All submissions are published in a class-produced fashion newsletter. The newsletter could be displayed for students outside of the class in the Library/Resource Centre, in a school showcase, or on a bulletin board.

6.   Students receive a copy of the newsletter. They comment on at least one article from each group.

7.   Students write an end-of-unit test.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Task/Product

Tool

Purpose

Achievement Chart Category

Newspaper article (T/L S 5)

Criterion Referenced Checklist

Summative

Thinking/Inquiry

Communication

Application

Comments on newspaper articles (T/L S 6)

Criterion Referenced Checklist

Summative

Knowledge/Understanding

Unit Test (T/L S 7)

Unit Test

Summative

Knowledge/Understanding

Thinking/Inquiry

Communication

Application

Accommodations

Students could be divided into three groups and each group could complete one of the first three strategies, culminating with T/L S 5.

Groups may be predetermined in order to meet the needs of all students.

Provide organizational charts for collating research data.

Provide a list of research materials or actual sources for students doing research.

Provide a template for collecting research information.

Provide alternatives to written tests (e.g., a scribe, allow students to word process answers).

For enrichment, students become layout editors for the newsletter design and marketing agents for the product.

For enrichment, the teacher assists students in designing a short questionnaire to survey peer shopping habits (e.g., use of Internet shopping vs. shopping in person by various means; determining the impact of lifestyle, budget, time, and personal preference on method of shopping). Each student polls five different peers (not in class) and brings the results to class. Students collate their results, prepare simple charts and graphs, and draw conclusions about the impact of technology and lifestyle variables on the purchasing patterns of peers.

For enrichment, students prepare an electronic presentation of their findings.

Resources

Print

Becker, Vivienne. Fabulous Custome Jewellery: History of Fantasy and Fashion in Jewels. Schiffer Publisher, 1993. ISBN 0-887405312

Boucher, F. and Y. Deslandres. Twenty Thousand Years of Fashion: The History of Costume and Personal Adornment. Harry N Abrams Inc., 1987. ISBN 0-810916932

Brydon, A. and S. Niessen. Dress, Body, Culture: Consuming Fashion: Adorning the Transnational Body. Berg Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1859739644

Corson, Richard. Fashions in Hair: The First Five Thousand Years. Peter Owen Ltd., 2001.
ISBN 0-720610931

Hoobler, Dorothy and Thomas. Vanity Rules: A History of American Fashion and Beauty. Milbrook Press, 2000. ISBN 0-761312587

Horn, M.J. The Second Skin: An Interdisciplinary Study of Clothing. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1968.
ISBN 0-395289742

Sproule, Wayne. People In Perspectives, 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., 1994. ISBN 0-130910759

Wolfe, M. Fashion. Goodheart-Willcox Co. Inc., 1997. ISBN 0-870067273

Websites

Costume reference site – http://www.marquise.de/webring/costumering.html

http://www.pconline.com/~tomdolan/costume/costume1.htm

Victorian fashions – http://www.teasociety.com/victorian


Unit 1, Appendix 1

Historical Research Assignment Criterion Referenced Checklist

 

 

 

Level

Focus

Criterion

1

2

3

4

Description of clothing appropriate for royalty, cleric, noble person

Thoroughly and accurately describes clothing appropriate for social class

 

 

 

 

Description of clothing appropriate for common people

Thoroughly and accurately describes clothing appropriate for social class

 

 

 

 

Explanation for differences in clothing between classes

Comprehensive explanation of differences in clothing worn

Comprehensive explanation of reasons for differences in clothing worn

 

 

 

 

Sketch of clothing for royalty, cleric, noble person

Shows clothing appropriate for social class

Difference between costumes is visually apparent

Colour is used to show differences in social class

 

 

 

 

Sketch of clothing for common people

Illustrates clothing appropriate for social class

Difference between costumes is visually apparent

Colour is used to show differences in social class

 

 

 

 

Organization of information

Main points of information are clear and concise

Logical and sequential organization

References cited in appropriate manner

 

 

 

 

 

Overall Level of Achievement: ___

 

 

Comments/Next Steps:


Unit 1, Appendix 2

Guidelines for Special Occasions Criterion Referenced Checklist

 

 

 

Level

Focus

Criterion

1

2

3

4

Special occasions

Numerous occasions listed to give students a broad understanding of differences in clothing needs

 

 

 

 

Description of appropriate clothing

Thorough and accurate description of suitable clothing for females for each occasion listed

Thorough and accurate description of suitable clothing for males for each occasion listed

 

 

 

 

Description of criteria to use for each occasion

Criteria are thorough and descriptive enough to enable a complete understanding of required clothing to suit the situation

 

 

 

 

Overall Level of Achievement: _____________

Comments/Next Steps:

 

Unit 1, Appendix 3

Personal Clothing Collage Criterion Referenced Checklist

 

 

Level

Focus

Criterion

1

2

3

4

Clothing style

Collage illustrates a style of clothing representative of the student

 

 

 

 

Adornment style

Collage shows an adornment style that is representative of the student

 

 

 

 

Effect on group dynamics

Thorough explanation of how his/her clothing and adornment styles affect group dynamics

 

 

 

 

Effect on group cohesion

Thorough explanation of how his/her clothing and adornment styles affect group cohesion

 

 

 

 

Effect on acceptance by the group

Thoroughly describes how his/her clothing and adornment styles affect his/her acceptance by the group

 

 

 

 

What statements clothing and adornment makes about the author

Concisely explains what statements his/her clothing makes about him/her

Concisely explains what statements his/her clothing makes about him/her

 

 

 

 

Overall Level of Achievement:___

Comments/Next Steps:


Unit 1, Appendix 4

Personalized Clothing Item Hangtag Criterion Referenced Checklist

 

 

Level

Focus

Criterion

1

2

3

4

Reflects personality traits

Concisely and thoroughly explains how personalization reflects his/her personality traits

 

 

 

 

Reflects desired image

Concisely and thoroughly explains how personalization reflects his/her desired image

 

 

 

 

Reflects lifestyle

Thoroughly describes how personalization reflects his/her lifestyle

 

 

 

 

Reflects social role

Thoroughly describes how personalization reflects his/her social role

 

 

 

 

Reflects age

Concisely and thoroughly describes how personalization reflects his/her age

 

 

 

 

Overall Level of Achievement: ___

Comments/Next Steps:

Unit 1, Appendix 5

Classroom Safety Rules for Fashion and Creative Expression

1.   Store sewing pins and needles in a closed container, a pincushion, or cardboard folder.

2.   Store scissors, when not in use, in a padded cloth envelope or closed container.

3.   Never point sharp objects (scissors, pins) at anyone. Do not leave them on a table edge or chair seat when not in use. If walking, carry scissors with the point down towards the floor.

4.   Use an iron on a padded ironing board only; place it close to the wall and an outlet, with the cord hanging between the ironing board and the wall.

5.   Use a hot iron with extreme caution. Keep the iron away from fingers and other body parts.

6.   Do not leave a hot iron unattended. Always unplug the iron when not in use.

7.   When operating a sewing machine or serger, switch the power on only when in use. Always turn off the power when the machine is not in use. Always sit on a suitable stool or chair, squarely in front of the machine, with correct distance to use the controls. Be sure that the machine and seat are at the correct height for operating the machine safely.

8.   Check all control settings before operating the machine.

9.   Always be aware of the up and down movement of the needle and do not turn your attention from the machine while it is running.

10.  Check instruction manual for correct threading procedure.

11.  Never pull hard on the fabric or thread or in any way try to force the machine to sew.

12.  Do not sew over pins.

13.  If the fabric does not feed through, turn off the power and consult the teacher.

14.  When using the foot control, keep the floor clear to prevent the machine being started inadvertently

15.  At the first sign of trouble, turn machine off, wait until it completely stops, and then call the teacher.

 

 

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