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Course Profile   Classical Civilization (LVV4U), Grade 12, University Preparation, Public

 

Course Overview

Policy Document:  The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 11 and 12,
                                                Classical Studies and International Languages, 2000.

Prerequisite:  Grade 10 English, Academic or Applied

Course Description

This course allows students to explore the beliefs and achievements of the classical world, which have shaped Western thought and civilization. Students will investigate such aspects of classical culture as its mythology, art, literature, and philosophy, as well as elements of ancient Greek and Latin, through a variety of activities such as dramatizations, audio-visual presentations, and discussions. By reading classical authors in English and examining archaeological evidence, students will enhance both their communication skills and their ability to think critically and creatively.

The study of Latin, ancient Greek and Classical Civilization introduces students to some of the significant cultural and linguistic roots of Western societies. … As a consequence, students enrolled in Classical studies courses should be able to speak, read, and write with greater proficiency, and should learn other languages more readily. Moreover, in all Classical studies courses, the knowledge students gain of the literature, mythology, and art as well as of the commercial and social practices of ancient civilizations enables them to better appreciate and respect their own heritage and that of others. The discoveries of archaeology have contributed significantly to our knowledge of the geography and history of the Classical world as well as to our understanding of its culture, particularly its art and architecture. For this reason, archaeology and its developments play an important part in Classical studies.

Course Notes

Through activities such as presentations, reports, debates, and seminars, students learn to work cooperatively, develop thinking and communication skills, and acquire self-confidence. (The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 11 and 12, Classical Studies and International Languages, p. 7)

Traditionally, Classical Civilization courses have primarily focussed on the literature and history of the ancient Greeks and Romans, supplemented by lessons on a variety of related topics, such as mythology, art, or archaeology. The Classical Civilization course, as found in the Classical Studies and International Languages policy document, however, is a course about the cultures of the Graeco-Roman world. Culture is reflected in more than literature or history; it is reflected also in the philosophy, religious practices, art, architecture, and archaeological remains of the people of the ancient Mediterranean world. Though literature and history are integral parts of Classical Civilization courses and cannot be ignored, they cannot be the sole purpose of the study of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The Classical Civilization course is designed as a broad survey course and as such, is meant to investigate the cultural achievements of the ancient Mediterranean world which have come to have a pervasive and inestimable effect on the modern world. Therefore, the strands of the course have been chosen to introduce students to the most enduring aspects of ancient culture: mythology; art, architecture, and archaeology; literature; history and geography; and finally, philosophy and religion.

Since classes in Classical studies generally focus on the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome with specific reference to cultures and peoples within the Graeco-Roman world (such as the Celts, the peoples of the regions which become Turkey, the Near and Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Iran), Armenia, Georgia, Romania, parts of India, Egypt, and all of northern Africa) students who study Classical Civilization, in particular, are introduced to the vast diversity of the ancient world. In addition, students are encouraged to appreciate the linguistic and cultural inheritance of the West, which is attributed to ancient Greece and Rome, and also to demonstrate sensitivity toward, and an appreciation of, the cultures and peoples of a wide geographical region both in ancient times and today. Teachers can also encourage students to draw comparisons between their own various cultural backgrounds and those being studied, noting the common characteristics of humanity throughout time. As the world becomes increasingly global in perspective, students who study Classics have an opportunity to enhance their cultural awareness.

The following document offers Classics teachers a number of activity choices, which they may make based on their own interests and academic backgrounds, student interests, time constraints, and resources. It is essential, however, for teachers to keep in mind that they must cover all the strands for the course (Mythology, Art/Architecture/Archaeology, Literature, History and Geography, Philosophy and Religion), including the overall and specific expectations; no one strand is more important than any other. This requirement provides teachers with a useful structure as they progress through the varied material. Teachers may find it useful to consult the Ancient Culture sections of the Course Profiles for Level 1 and Level 2 Classical Languages for additional teaching strategies and activities. Note:  Because the nature of this document requires the teacher to select from many activities, the time required for each unit may vary. No time recommendations are provided for this reason.

Though the main audience of this course may be students who have studied one or more levels of Latin or ancient Greek, students may begin the study of Classics in Grades 11 or 12 without having studied a Classical language. They will, however, develop some familiarity with Latin and ancient Greek as a result of their exposure to etymology through their study of the course content. Classical Civilization presumes no prior knowledge of the ancient world and requires only an interest in the material to be studied. In response to the of diversity of language skills and previous knowledge, and in order to account for the plethora of learning styles to be found in a class, teachers must use a mixture of traditional lessons and activities which allow the students to share in the delivery of the course content.

Some prior assumptions of skills can be made. First, students must be able to work in both independent and group settings. They must be able to use library resources, to conduct research, and subsequently write both research and essay papers. Students must also be able to read a variety of materials and make notes from them. As well, students must be able to take notes. They must also know the fundamentals of oral presentations and seminars. Finally, students must be able to write essays, short answer, and multiple-choice style tests. Where students require additional support in these areas, teachers must teach these skills. In turn, students will acquire a variety of skills that will serve them well in whatever postsecondary studies they choose to pursue.

In reviewing the policy document, Classical Studies and International Languages, teachers should note that the Specific Expectations of the Strands fall almost exclusively in the Knowledge/Understanding section of the Achievement Chart. Since, the teaching and learning strategies devised by the teachers must reflect all areas of the Achievement Chart, teachers must create activities that will allow the students to demonstrate their skills and knowledge of the Specific Expectations in the remaining areas of the Achievement Chart. For instance, a multiple-choice test may fall into the Knowledge/Understanding category only, while a research paper can be placed in all four categories.

The student is at the centre of all the activities outlined in this document. However, because students may have little, or no, background in a given topic, it is often necessary for teachers to direct and guide the lessons and activities. Therefore, teachers must gather resources ranging from pictures, slides, overheads and maps, to original source materials and anthologies of literature. They must create lectures, outlines, handouts, assignments, rubrics, tests, and exams. Teachers using this Course Profile document should keep in mind that they are their own primary resources and that the key to a successful teaching experience includes patience, preparation, creativity, adaptability, sensitivity, and a sense of humour. The activities in this unit are suggested as possible teaching approaches that are in no way intended to be prescriptive. Teachers are not expected to teach all activities in the unit provided. Rather, teachers should select those activities, or parts of those activities, which best reflect and reinforce the specific content being studied as well as the learning needs of their students.

Unit Overviews

The following chart is based on the unit structure provided in the policy document for Classical Studies and International Languages, Grades 11 and 12. This chart broadly reflects the Overall and Specific Expectations which must be fulfilled by the end of the course. The five Strands that must be reflected in the course (Mythology, Art/Architecture/Archaeology, Literature, History and Geography, Philosophy and Religion) are outlined here. The clustering of expectations allows all the strands to be assessed separately or jointly within the unit. Teachers are reminded that activities reflect a number of expectations in order to provide the students with optimal learning opportunities. Since the expectations found within different Strands pertain most specifically to the Knowledge/Understanding category of the Achievement Chart, the types of activities created in order to evaluate students’ learning can fall into other categories of the Achievement Chart. See Appendix A, Unit Strand Clustering, for a scheme to organize the course content by strand or chronologically.

Unit Overview Chart

Cluster

Learning Expectations

Assessment Categories

Focus/Time

1

MYV.01; MYV.03; AAV.01; AAV.02; HGV.01; HGV.02; PRV.01
MY1.01; MY1.02; MY1.03; MY1.05; MY1.06; MY1.07; AA1.01; AA1.02; AA1.03; AA1.04; AA1.05; HG1.01; HG1.02; HG1.03; HG1.06; PR1.06

Knowledge/ Understanding
Thinking/ Inquiry
Communication
Application

Early Greece

 

(30 hours)

2

MYV.01; MYV.03; AAV.01; AAV.02; LTV.01; LTV.03; HGV.01; HGV.02; HGV.04; PRV.01; PRV.02.
MY1.01; MY1.02; MY1.03; MY1.05; AA1.01; AA1.02; AA1.03; AA1.04; AA1.05; AA1.06; AA1.07; LT1.01; LT1.02; LT1.03; LT1.04; LT1.05; HG1.01; HG1.02; HG1.03; HG1.06; HG1.08; PR1.01; PR1.02; PR1.03; PR1.04, PR1.07

Knowledge/ Understanding
Thinking/ Inquiry
Communication
Application

Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic Greece

 

(40 hours)

* 3

MYV.01; MYV.03; AAV.01; AAV.02; LTV.01; LTV.03; HGV.02; HGV.03; PRV.01; PRV.02.
MY1.01; MY1.05; AA1.01; AA1.02; AA1.03; AA1.04; AA1.05; AA1.06; LT1.04; LT1.05; HG1.01; HG1.02; HG1.03; HG1.06; HG1.08; PR1.01; PR1.03; PR1.04; PR1.05; PR1.06; PR1.07 PR1.09

Knowledge/ Understanding
Thinking/ Inquiry
Communication
Application

Rome and Its Empire

 

(40 hours)

* This unit has been fully developed in this Course Profile.

 

Unit Descriptions

Unit 1 – Early Greece

The investigation of Bronze Age Greece is important for understanding the later developments of Greek culture. Therefore, significant time is assigned to this particular era. This era can be most easily divided into four sections as follows:

A: Classical Theories of the Origins of the Universe

This section introduces students to the geography, chronology, and mythology associated with ancient Greek theories of the origins of the universe, using such sources as Hesiod and Homer. The concepts of myth (e.g., what is myth?), pre-history, and the genealogy of the gods are explored.

B: The Minoans

In this section, students are introduced to the art, architecture, and archaeology (including the excavations of Arthur Evans) of the Minoan civilization. Minoan culture, aspects of religion, and the correlation with later Greek mythology and civilization are also explored. In addition, the theories regarding the fall of Minoan civilization after the eruption of Thera are discussed.

C: The Mycenaeans

The culture of the Mycenaeans is explored here through their architecture, related mythology, and the archaeological evidence of Mycenaean sites including tombs and artifacts. In addition, their connection to other cultures within the Mediterranean world at this time is explored, as well as their influence on later Greek civilization.

D: The Trojan War

This section presents the historical and archaeological record of the Trojan war, particularly Heinrich Schliemann’s excavation, in connection with the associated mythology (the Apple of Discord, The Decision of Paris, the Abduction of Helen and so forth) and the representation of these events in Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. The representation of the Trojan War in later Greek and Roman art (the Laocoon group, Aeneas and Anchises sculpture, etc.), and literature (e.g., Trojan Women, Iphegenia at Aulis, Aeneid, etc.) may also be explored.

Unit 2 – Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic Greece

This is the most expansive era of Greek culture for which much archaeological, artistic, literary, and historical evidence exists. In order to make manageable the abundance of content available, this time period has been sub-divided into three sections as follows:

A: Archaic Greece

Here, archaic Greek art (particularly pottery and statuary) is presented, along with the development of archaic Greek government, the origins of philosophy, temple construction, and early Greek literature. At this time in history, Greek culture truly emerged from the Dark Ages following the fall of the Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations.

B: Classical Greece

The Classical period marks the peak of the Greek civilization in such areas as drama, literature, art, archaeology, religion, philosophy, and government. It marks the defining moment in the evolution of Greek culture, which has had an enormous and enduring effect on later Western cultures. Teachers would likely spend the majority of the time allocated for this section teaching the topics within this unit.

C: Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great

Under Philip of Macedon, the Greek city-states were united for the first time, constituting a significant shift in Greek politics, linguistic influence (since Greek became a world language at this time), and culture, continued by Alexander. The expansion of Alexander’s empire, and its subsequent dissolution, represent an important milestone in the Greek world.

Unit 3 – Rome and Its Empire

In the past, Classical Civilization courses have tended to focus on Greek culture and civilization. The Romans, however, exerted an equally important influence on the development of the Western world. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate Roman civilization as the vehicle for the transference of Mediterranean culture to later societies. The span of the Roman Empire, again, is vast, and so the following division of topics has been provided to assist teachers in approaching the scope of this civilization.

A: Early Rome and the Etruscans

The significant role of the Etruscans in the development of the early history of Rome is crucial to an understanding of later Roman culture and society. Students learn about the important Etruscan influence on Roman politics, religion, mythology, entertainment, and urban design.

B: Republican Rome

Rome’s early identity as a strong Republic continued to express itself even as it became an Empire. In this section, students learn about the development of Roman Republican government and law, architecture, literature, religion, geography, military, and the way in which Roman culture expanded beyond Italy to reach throughout the Western world.

C: The Roman Empire

Rome made some of its greatest achievements as an Empire, as evidenced by the huge variety of literary, historical, architectural, and archaeological sources. This section offers rich opportunities for students to explore the tremendous range of topics from the Imperial period and to enhance their understanding of the culture’s significant influence on the development of the Western world. If time permits, students can be exposed to the complexities of the end of the Empire, and to its division into two parts, including the impact of other forces, such as the rise of Christianity, the barbarian invasions, and the metamorphosis of the East into the Byzantine Empire.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

In designing the learning environment for students, teachers must keep a number of factors in mind: the ages of their students, students’ abilities and interests, students’ prior knowledge, and the requirements of the course in light of the strands and specific expectations. Teachers must also bear in mind the Achievement Chart at the end of the policy document. A well-balanced activity fulfills expectations from more than one strand and provides a greater scope for students to demonstrate the range of their knowledge and skills and allow students to demonstrate their skills in all categories of the Achievement Chart.

The Classical Civilization course may be divided into a series of units which span all of the Strands. Teachers devise a number of activities which appeal to the students in light of their interests and abilities and that enhance the standard lecture, essay, test and quiz format often used in courses of this nature. For instance, teachers may choose to study the Minoans, including myths about Theseus, the art and architecture of the island of Crete, especially Knossos and the history of the Bronze Age Minoans. In addition, they may complete a mapping exercise of the island of Crete and its major sites (Knowledge/Understanding, Application). Teachers could approach this unit in a variety of ways; they could create work sheets to accompany lectures (Communication, Application); they could assign creative writing projects written from the perspective of a Minoan priest or an artisan (Knowledge/Understanding, Thinking/Inquiry, Communication, Application); they could ask the students to recount the myth of Theseus and Ariadne via storytelling (Knowledge/Understanding and Communication), or re-enactment (Knowledge/Understanding, Thinking/Inquiry, Communication, Application). Teachers could also assign a research project based on elements of Minoan religion (Knowledge/Understanding, Thinking/Inquiry, Communication, Application). They could assign seminars on the architecture of the period (Knowledge/Understanding, Thinking/Inquiry, Communication, Application), or they could assign presentations on a variety of topics which permit students to engage in independent study (Knowledge/Understanding, Thinking/Inquiry, Communication, Application). Teachers can encourage students to conduct research via the Internet, or to create electronic presentations to augment their seminars (Knowledge/Understanding, Thinking/Inquiry, Communication, Application). In addition, teachers could assign students to create games which review the material studied about the Minoans (Knowledge/Understanding, Application). The scope of the Classical Civilization course permits teachers to use a wide variety of activities in order to communicate the material.

Activities such as those mentioned above allow students to share in the presentation of course material so that the course is not all teacher-directed. Such activities also enhance the atmosphere of the Classical Civilization course and provide students with the opportunities to practise skills useful for a number of other subject areas. Teachers may wish to consult the Ancient Culture units contained within the Course Profiles for Classical Languages, Levels 1 and 2 for supplementary resources, materials, or activities which can be adapted easily to a Grade 12 Classical Civilization course.

An activities-oriented approach to teaching requires teachers to pay particular attention to health and safety considerations. For instance, teachers using food in an activity should be aware of any allergies or other medical conditions within the classroom. If an activity requires students to engage in physical activity, teachers should review proper behaviour and safety practices. Teachers should ensure that any materials used for re-enactments, for instance, are safe and appropriate to the students’ ages. As always, teachers must pay particular attention to students with special needs.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

The purpose of all assessment and evaluation is to improve student learning; that is its ultimate goal. Therefore, teachers are encouraged to use a wide range of diagnostic, formative, and summative assessment activities that appeal to the students’ learning needs and that provide students with the opportunities to practise their skills, consolidate their knowledge, and demonstrate skills on a number of occasions throughout the course. In this way, teachers can provide students with an evaluation of their accomplishments which is fair and accurate.

Teachers can use the activities described in the Teaching/Learning Strategies section as assessment strategies; therefore, the activities can be evaluated to ascertain students’ achievement and ultimately their final grades. A well-balanced learning activity can fulfill expectations for more than one Strand and reinforce skills which fall into more than one category of the Achievement Chart. For instance, a group seminar presentation on the Mycenaeans may require students to research various topics (e.g., art, architecture, archaeology, geography, mythology, etc.). Students may then prepare handouts, an electronic presentation, and make an oral report based on their research. In the process, they will achieve specific expectations from three strands: Mythology; Art, Architecture, Archaeology; History and Geography. The skills required for this activity can be located in all four categories of the Achievement Chart. On the other hand, a simple story-telling exercise requiring a student to recount a myth demonstrates knowledge and skills which may be located in the Knowledge/Understanding and Communications categories of the Achievement Chart. Thus, it is essential that teachers use care both in designing assessment strategies and tools for evaluating them.

Seventy per cent of the grade will be based on assessments and evaluations conducted throughout the course. Thirty per cent of the grade will be based on a final evaluation in the form of an examination, performance, essay, and/or other method of evaluation.

Teachers should ensure, as well, that the final summative assessment for the course reflects all the Strands. In addition, they should ensure that they include strategies used to teach the specific expectations throughout the course when designing the final assessment. The final summative assessment may involve a mixture of assessment strategies used throughout the term in concert with a formal exam. Teachers, therefore, can assign a project or essay to accompany the formal written exam. Once again, the content and skills of all Strands and expectations are to be evaluated in the final summative assessment. By using similar assessment activities as part of the final exam, the final assessment will then reflect the Achievement Chart. Teachers should consult Program Planning and Assessment 2000 in order to clarify any questions or concerns.

Accommodations

All students who have been identified with an exceptionality will have an Individual Education Program (IEP). Teachers should consult individual student IEPs for specific direction on accommodation for individuals. The wide variety of activities and topics within this course makes it amenable to accommodation for exceptional students.

Accommodations for students having special needs can be made at various stages in this unit. Teachers should approach the activities in this document always keeping in mind the specific needs of students within their own classrooms.

Visual Impairment

Students with visual impairments can be provided with large print versions of written and textual materials or with Braille versions, as available. Students having access to computer technology can be provided with textual material on disk, which can be viewed in magnification or read by an electronic voice. Oral testing can be provided to these students, avoiding the need for written assessment or additional time can be given. “Note buddies” or “peer mentors” could be provided to assist these students with note-taking, organization, or group activities. Where slides or videos are used, large-screen televisions can assist those with limited sight in viewing films; slides can be enlarged by placing the projector at a greater distance from the screen. In each case, the teacher should ensure that sufficient aural information accompanies the visuals.

Hearing Impairment

Students with hearing impairments can be seated at the front of the class to allow them to lip read the teacher’s speech, or to increase the efficiency of their hearing. In addition, these students can make use of technological hearing devices accompanied by a microphone worn by the teacher. Signers may be available to assist students in their learning. “Note buddies” or “peer mentors” could be provided to assist these students with note-taking, organization, or group activities.

Other Physical Impairments

Students with other physical impairments can be accommodated within an individual school or classroom setting by adjusting the classroom arrangement, such as the arrangements of desks, to facilitate the presence of students in wheelchairs, for example. The special education guidelines, parent(s)/guardian(s), and the student himself or herself, can provide the best information on how this is to be done.

Giftedness

Enrichment can be offered within each activity of the unit to provide a more fulfilling experience. Such accommodations could include more challenging independent research projects requiring a more in-depth analysis, video-making, musical composition, art work, creative writing projects, and the like. Students should be encouraged to use their particular area(s) of giftedness to enhance their learning and meet their potential as fully as possible.

Learning Impairments

Students having learning impairments can be assisted in this course by “peer tutors” and “note buddies” who assist them with organization skills or in the acquisition of new information. Additional time for testing and alternative testing forms can also improve students’ success. Computer programs that allow students to work at their own pace and that provide alternate presentation of materials are also available. Teachers may also be required to modify some of the expectations in this unit in order to meet the needs of these students. Teachers should consult their principals in this situation to ensure that the credit is not at risk.

ESL/ELD Students

ESL/ELD students of who have not yet achieved a working proficiency in English may experience extreme difficulty in studying Classical Civilization. Computer programs that assist students in learning the elements of mythology, geography, and history, for example, can be incorporated in order to assist them with this process. Additional time for tests, assignments, and other evaluations would also benefit these students and increase their success. In addition, peer mentors can be provided to assist ESL/ELD students in their learning. As well, books on tape could be useful ancillaries for these students. Dictionaries connecting the student’s original language to English can be used on tests, for example, to assist these students.

Resources

Units in this Course Profile make reference to the use of specific texts, magazines, films, videos, and web sites. Teachers need to consult their board policies regarding use of any copyrighted materials. Before reproducing materials for student use from printed publications, teachers need to ensure that their board has a Cancopy license and that this license covers the resources they wish to use. Before screening videos/films with their students, teachers need to ensure that their board/school has obtained the proper public performance videocassette license from an authorized distributor, e.g., Audio Cine Films Inc. Teachers are reminded that much of the material on the Internet is protected by copyright. The copyright is usually owned by the person or organization that created the work. Reproduction of any work or substantial part of any work on the Internet is not allowed without the permission of the owner.

This collection of resources is organized into categories containing publications helpful to teachers of Latin and ancient Greek in teaching about ancient cultures. Some books have been cross-listed because they fit into several categories.

The Ontario Classical Association is a teacher resource that provides mentorship information for new teachers as well as useful resources: http://www.ontclassics.org

General Information

Adcock, F. E. Roman Political Ideas and Practice. University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 1964.

Baumann, Richard A. Women and Politics in Ancient Rome. Routledge: London 1992.

Bradley, Pamela. Ancient Greece: Using Evidence. Edward Arnold Australian Limited: Victoria 1990.

Bradley, Pamela. Ancient Rome: Using Evidence. Edward Arnold Australian Limited: Victoria 1990.

Bunsen, Matthew. A Dictionary of the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press: New York 1991.

Cairns, Trevor. The Romans and their Empire. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 1970.

Crook, J. A. Law and Life of Rome 90 B. C. – A. D. 212. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York 1967.

Fantham, Elaine, et al. Women in the Classical World. Oxford University Press: New York 1994.

Garden, Glen. Life B.C. Heinemann Educational Press: London 1980.

Hawley, Richard and Barbara Levick. Women in Antiquity: New Assessments. Routledge: London 1995.

James, Peter and Nick Thorpe. Ancient Inventions. Ballantine Books: New York 1994.

Lefkowitz, Mary R. and Maureen B. Fant. Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook in Translation. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore 1992.

Liberati, Anna Maria and Fabio Bourbon. Ancient Rome: History of a Civilization that Ruled the World. Stewart Tabori and Chang: New York 1996.

Martel, Hazel Mary. The Kingfisher Book of the Ancient World from the Ice Age to the Fall of Rome. Larousse Kingfisher Chambers Incorporated: New York 1995.

Nardo, Don. The Way People Live: Life in Ancient Rome. Lucent Books: San Diego 1997.

Nicholas, Barry. An Introduction to Roman Law. Oxford at Clarendon Press: Oxford 1984.

Shelton, Jo-Ann. As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History. Oxford University Press: Oxford 1988.

Sitwell, Nigel. Outside the Empire: The World the Romans Knew. Paladin Graftin Books: London 1984.

Wiedemann, Thomas. Emperors and Gladiators. Routledge: London 1995.

Mythology

Bell, Robert E. Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary. Oxford University Press: New York 1991.

Cahill, Jane. Her Kind: Stories of Women from Greek Mythology. Broadview Press: Peterborough, Ontario 1997.

Carter, Alan. A Guide to the History and Myth of Fifteen Selected Sites in Southern Greece. Efstathiadis Group S.A.: Athens 1999.

Carter, Alan and Maureen Carter. A Layman’s Guide to the Greek Heroes. Efstathiadis Group S.A.: Athens 1995.

Dowden, Ken. The Uses of Greek Mythology. Routledge: London 1992.

Foss, Michael. Gods and Heroes: The Story of Greek Mythology. National Textbook Company: Lincolnwood, Illinois 1994. (Well-researched retellings of myths. Teacher’s handbook also available.)

Gardner, Jane F. Roman Myths. British Museum Press: Austin, Texas 1993.

Grandazzi, Alexandre. trans. Jane Marie Todd. The Foundation of Rome: Myth and History. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York 1997.

Halford, R. W. The Greek Myths. Longman Canada Limited: Toronto 1964.

Levi-Strauss, Claude. Myth and Meaning: Cracking the Code of Culture. Schocken Books: University of Toronto Press, 1978.

Mackenzie, Donald A. Crete and Pre-Hellenic Myths and Legends. Gresham Publishing: London 1917.

Morford, Mark P.O. and Robert J. Lenardon. Classical Mythology. Longman Inc.: New York 1985.

New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology. Crescent Books: New York 1986.

Reid, Jane Davidson. The Oxford Guide to Classical Mythology in the Arts, 1300 - 1990s, 2 volumes. Oxford University Press: Oxford 1993.

Reinhold, Meyer. Past and Present: The Continuity of Classical Myths. A. M. Hakkert Ltd.: Toronto 1972.

Rosenberg, Donna and Sorelle Baker. Mythology and You: Classical Mythology and its Relevance to Today’s World. National Textbook Company: Lincolnwood, Illinois 1992. (Retellings of myths accompanied by cultural and historical background articles and reflective questions. Teacher’s guide also available.)

Scherer, Margaret R. The Legends of Troy in Art and Literature. Phaidon Press: London 1964.

Souli, Sophia. Greek Mythology. Editions Michalis Toubis S.A.: Athens 1995.

Tripp, Edward. The Meridian Handbook of Classical Mythology. Penguin Books Canada Ltd.: Markham, Ontario 1974.

Art/Architecture/Archaeology

All of Ancient Rome, Then and Now. Casa Editrice Bonechi: Florence, Italy 1992.

Allen, Susan Heuck. Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlik. University of California Press: Berkeley 1999.

Ancient Crete: A Hundred Years of Italian Archaeology 1884 – 1984. Deluca Editore: Roma Italia 1984.

Andronicos, Manolis. The Acropolis. Ekdotike Athenon S.A.: Athens 1995.

Andronicos, Manolis. Delphi. Ekdotike Athenon S.A.: Athens 1995

Angeli, Lanfranco. Rome Down Through the Ages. Edizioni Mistretta: Palermo 1990.

Archibald, Zofia. Discovering the World of the Ancient Greeks. Facts on File: New York 1991.

Art and History of Pompeii – 170 Color Photographs, 20 Reconstructions of the City As It Was 2000 Years Ago. Casa Editrice Bonechi: Florence, Italy 1995.

Ballard, Robert D. The Lost Wreck of the Isis. Madison Press Books: Toronto 1990.

Biers, William R. The Archaeology of Greece: An Introduction. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York 1990.

Bisel, Sara C. The Secrets of Vesuvius. Madison Press: Toronto 1990.

Boardman, John. Greek Art. Thames and Hudson: London 1985.

Bunson, Matthew. A Dictionary of the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press: New York 1991.

Burn, Lucilla. The British Museum Book of Greek and Roman Art. Thames and Hudson: London 1991.

Ceram, C.W. Gods, Graves, and Scholars. Alfred A. Knopf: New York 1952 (A popular account of archaeological explorations.)

Charitonidou, Angeliki. Epidaurus: The Sanctuary of Asclepios and the Museum. Clio Editions: Athens 1978.

Davaras, Costis. Phaistos, Hagia Triada – Gortyn: A Brief Illustrated Archaeological Guide. Editions Hannibal: Athens.

Elsner, Jas. Oxford History of Art – Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph (The Art of the Roman Empire A.D. 100 – 450). Oxford University Press: Oxford 1998.

Fagan, Brian M., ed. Eyewitness to Discovery: First-Person Accounts of More Than Fifty of the World’s Greatest Archaeological Discoveries. Oxford University Press: Oxford 1996.

Hannestad, Niels. Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Aarhus University Press: Aarhus 1988.

Henig, Martin, ed. A Handbook of Roman Art - A Survey of the Visual Arts of the Roman World. Phaidon Press Ltd: London 1995.

Higgens, Reynold. Minoan and Mycenaean Art. Thames and Hudson: London 1981.

Iozzo, Mario. Art and History of Crete. Bonechi: Florence, Italy 1998.

Konsola, Dora. Crete (Knossos – Phaistos – Aghia Triada – Gortyn – Malia – Zakros – Gournia – Herakleion Museum). John Decopoulos: Athens.

Laisné, Claude. The Art of Ancient Greece: Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Pierre Terrail: Paris 1985.

Logiadou-Platonos, S. and Dr. Nanno Marinatos. Crete. Antiprosopos Krethe: Herakleion, Crete.

McKay, Alexander. Vitruvius, Architect and Engineer – Buildings and Building Techniques in Augustan Rome. MacMillan Education Ltd: London 1978.

Moorehead, Caroline. Lost and Found: the 9,000 Treasures of Troy: Heinrich Schliemann and the Gold That Got Away. Penguin Books: New York 1997.

Moorehead, Caroline. Lost Treasure of Troy. Weidenfeld and Nicolson: London 1994.

Moorehead, Caroline. Lost and Found: The 9000 Treasures of Troy (Heinrich Schliemann and the Gold That Got Away). Penguin Books: New York 1994.

Nilsson, Martin P. Homer and Mycenae. University of Pennsylvania Press: Pennsylvania 1933.

Osborne, Robin. Oxford History of Art: Archaic and Classical Greek Art. Oxford University Press: Oxford 1998.

Pedley, John Griffiths. Greek Art and Archaeology. Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 1993.

Phoca, Ioanna E. and Panos D. Valavanis. Rediscovering Ancient Greece: Greek Pottery, A Culture Captured in Clay. Kedros Publishers Inc.: Athens 1990.

Potter, T. W. Roman Britain. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts 1983.

Preziosi, Donald and Louise A. Hitchcock. Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press: Oxford          1999.

Richter, Gisela M. A. A Handbook of Greek Art: A Survey of the Visual Arts of Ancient Greece. Phaidon Press Limited: Oxford 1987.

Rome. Lazio Regional Tourist Board: Rome.

Schuchhardt, Walter-Herwig. Greek Art. Universe Books: New York 1972.

Settis, Salvatore, ed. The Land of the Etruscans: From Prehistory to the Middle Ages. Scala Books: Milan 1985.

Stiebling, William H. Uncovering the Past: A History of Archaeology. Oxford University Press: Oxford 1993.

Stierlin, Henri, ed. Architecture of the World: Greece. Benedikt Taschen Verlag.

Stierlin, Henri, ed. Architecture of the World: The Roman Empire. Benedikt Taschen Verlag: Berlin.

Taylour, Lord William. The Mycenaeans. Thames and Husdon: London 1983.

Traill, David A. Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit. St. Martin’s Press: New York 1997.

Valavanis, Panos. Delphi and Museum. C. Voutsas: Athens.

Vassilakis, Dr. Antonis Spiros. Crete (Natural Environment – History – Museums – Archaeological Sites and Monuments). I. Mathioulakis & Co: Athens.

Vonheintze, Helga. Roman Art. Universe Books: New York 1972.

Wellard, James. The Search for the Etruscans. Saturday Review Press: New York 1973.

Wood, Michael. In Search of the Trojan War. Facts on File: New York 1985. (Copious illustrations; supports the television series.)

Woodford, Susan. Cambridge Introduction to the History of Art: Greece and Rome. Cambridge University Press: London 1982.

Wycherley, R.E. The Stones of Athens. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey 1978.

Literature

Aristophanes, Lysistrata/Acharnians/Clouds, trans. A. Sommerstein, Penguin: Harmondsworth 1973.

Atchity, Kenneth J., ed. The Classical Greek Reader. Henry Holt and Co.: New York 1997. (Texts in translation, grouped by historical periods.)

Atchity, Kenneth J., ed. The Classical Roman Reader. Henry Holt and Co.: New York 1997. (Texts in translation, grouped by historical periods.)

Euripides, Ten Plays, trans. M. Hadas. Bantam: New York 1966.

France, Peter. Greek as a Treat: An Introduction to the Classics. BBC Books: London 1993.

Four Greek Plays, ed. D. Fitts. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: New York 1964. (Contains Agamemnon, Oedipus the King, Alcestis, Birds.)

Grant, Michael ed. Latin Literature: An Anthology. Penguin Books Canada: Markham, Ontario 1986.

Greek Lyrics, (trans.). R. Lattimore. University of Chicago Press: Chicago 1971.

Homer, Iliad, (trans.). R. Fagles. Penguin: Harmondsworth 1990.

Homer, Odyssey, (trans.). R. Lattimore. Harper & Row: New York 1967.

Knox, Bernard. The Norton Book of Classical Literature. W.W. Norton and Company: New York 1993.

MacKendrick, Paul and Herbert M. Howe. Classics in Translation, Volume 1: Greek Literature. University of Wisconsin Press: Madison 1952.

MacKendrick, Paul and Herbert M. Howe. Classics in Translation, Volume 2: Latin Literature. University of Wisconsin Press: Madison 1952.

Nilsson, Martin P. Homer and Mycenae. University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia 1972.

Odi et Amo: The Complete Poetry of Catullus, (trans.). Roy A. Swanson. Macmillan: New York 1959.

Tacitus, Complete Works, (trans.). Church and Brodribb. Random House: New York 1942.

Virgil, Aeneid, (trans.). R. Fitzgerald. Random House: New York 1983.

History and Geography

Boardman, John, et al. The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. Oxford University Press: Oxford 1988.

Boardman, John, et al. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Roman World. Oxford University Press: Oxford 1988.

Demand, Nancy. A History of Ancient Greece. McGraw Hill: New York 1996. (From prehistory to Alexander the Great.)

Forrest, Martin, et al. Pompey and Caesar. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 1986. (Detailed biographies and discussion of historical background drawing on ancient sources. Teacher’s handbook also available.)

Foster, Genevieve. Augustus Caesar’s World. Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York 1947. (Old fashioned, but has pictures and discussions of events and places throughout the world in the first century)

Grant, Michael. The Antonines – The Roman Empire in Transition. Routledge: London 1996.

Grant, Michael. The Founders of the Western World – A History of Greece and Rome. Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York 1991.

Grant, Michael. From Alexander to Cleopatra – The Hellenistic World. Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York 1982.

Grant, Michael. Greek and Roman Historians – Information and Misinformation. Routledge: London 1995.

Grant, Michael. History of Rome. Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York 1979.

Grant, Michael. The Jews in the Roman World. Weidenfeld and Nicholson: London 1973.

Grant, Michael. The Rise of the Greeks. Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York 1987.

Grant, Michael. The Twelve Caesars. Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York 1975.

Hazzard, R. A. Imagination of a Monarchy: Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda. University of Toronto Press: Toronto 2000.

Jones, A. H. M. Ancient Culture and Society Series: Augustus. Chatto and Windus: London 1985.

Kleiner, Dianna E. E. and Susan B. Matheson, eds. I Claudia: Women in Ancient Rome. University of Texas Press: Austin 1996.

Macnamara, Ellen. The Etruscans. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts 1991.

Mellor, Ronald. The Roman Historians. Routledge: London 1999.

Morkot, Robert. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece. Penguin Books: London 1996.

Ogilvie, R. M. Early Rome and the Etruscans. William Collins’ Sons & Company Ltd: Glasgow 1976.

Queller, Donald E. The Latin Conquest of Constantinople. John Wiley and Sons Inc.: New York 1971.

Potter, David S. Literary Texts and the Roman Historian. Routledge: London 1999.

Raven, Susan. Roman Africa. Routledge: London 1993.

Scarre, Chris. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome. Penguin Books: London 1995.

Talbert, Richard J. A. Atlas of Classical History. Rougledge: London 1989.

Whitehouse, David and Ruth Whitehouse. Archaeological Atlas of the World. W. H. Freeeman and Company: San Francisco 1975.

Yadin, Yigael. Masada: Herod’s Fortress and the Zealots’ Last Stand. Welcome Rain Publishers: New York 1998.

Philosophy and Religion

Adkins, Lesley and Roy A. Adkins. Dictionary of Roman Religion. Facts on File: New York, 1996.

Barnes, Jonathan. Early Greek Philosophy. Penguin Books: New York, 1987.

Benson, Hugh, William Taschek, and Paul Hurley. History of Philosophy. Harper Collins Publishers Inc.: New York, 1993.

Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1985.

Dumezil, Georges. Trans. Philip Krapp. Archaic Roman Religion Vols 1 and 2. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1996.

Magee, Bryan. The Story of Philosophy - The Essential Guide to the History of Western Philosophy. The Reader’s Digest Association (Canada) Ltd.: Montreal, 1998.

McInerney, Peter K. Introduction to Philosophy. Harper Collins Publishers Inc: New York, 1982.

Ogilvie, R. M. The Romans and Their Gods. Hogarth Press: London, 1986.

Popkin, Richard H. and Avrum Stroll. Philosophy Made Simple. Doubleday: New York, 1993.

Wolff, Robert Paul. About Philosophy. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1998.

Zeller, Eduard. Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy. Dover Publications Inc: New York, 1980.

CD-ROM

Ancient Lands. Microsoft Corporation.

Mythology: An Introduction to Greek and Roman Mythology. Thomas S. Klise Company, 1995.

Real Romans Digital Time Traveller. English Heritage, TAG Publishing, 1999.

The Road to Ancient Greece. Thomas S. Klise Company, 1996.

The Road to Rome. Thomas S. Klise Company, 1996.

Websites

It is recommended that teachers refer to their board’s protocols regarding the use of Internet resources by students to determine in what way they should use the following sites.

The URLs for the websites were verified by the writers prior to publication. Given the frequency with which these designations change, teachers should always verify the websites prior to assigning them for student use.

Latin/Classics Organizations

Ontario Classical Association – http://www.ontclassics.org

American Classical League – http://www.aclclassics.org/

Websites for the Classics – http://www.centaursystems.com/sites.html

Electronic Resources for Classicists – http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~tlg/index/resources.html

Greece

I: The Ancient Gods

– http://www.hol.gr/greece/ancgods.htm – An overview of the ancient gods

– www.mythweb.com – This site is devoted to the heroes, gods, and monsters of Greek mythology.

– www.princeton.edu/~rhwebb/myth.html
A supplement to a course on Classical Mythology at
Princeton University

– www.web.uvic.ca/grs/bowman/myth/
This site is designed to draw together the ancient texts and images available on the Web concerning the major figures of Greek and Roman mythology.

– www.lib.haifa.ac.il/www/art/mythology_westart.html
The object of this project – Mythmedia – is to form a collection of art images relating to Classical mythology. This collection consists of scanned images from various periods of Western art which depict the deities and heroes mentioned in Homer.

II: Ancient Greek Civilization

– http://www.best.com/~swanson/greece/eg_greece_menu1.html
Learn about Greek land and resources, culture, mythology, daily life, mathematics, and more.

III: The Ancient Greek World

– http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Greek_World/Index.html
Visit the different time periods in Ancient Greek times or visit their daily life (including men’s and women’s lives, schooling, housing, hunting, and warfare), economy (including coins, trade, and manufacturing), and religion and death (including heroes, banquets, and burials).

IV: The Ancient Greeks

– http://www.arwhead.com/Greeks/ – Culture, people, and history of ancient Greece

– www.perseus.tufts.edu/Texts/chunk_TOC.html – English translations of Greek Literature online

V: The Ancient Olympics

– http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/
What sports were at the ancient Olympics? Take a virtual tour and find out.

VI: Cycladic-Minoan-Mycenaean Civilization

– http://www.vacation.net.gr/p/history3.html
Learn more about the history and culture of these ancient Greek civilizations.

VII: Greek Costume Through the Centuries

– http://www.firstnethou.com/annam/costhist.html/
Costumes of Greece from Minoan Civilization, Ancient Greece, Roman times and Byzantium, 16th–18th centuries

VIII: Greek Mythology: A Look Back in Time

– http://library.thinkquest.org/18650/data/lighthome.html
Information on the gods and heroes, constellations, family trees, voyages, monsters, and more

– http://www.hsa.brown.edu/~maicar/index.html – The Greek Mythology Link.

IX: The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization

– http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/
Learn about famous people in ancient
Greece, hear letters of the Greek alphabet pronounced, follow the timeline, or view the animation of the Parthenon. Flash 4 and QuickTime are required for many of the features on this site. Large graphics may lead it to load slowly.

X: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology

– http://www.cultures.com/greek_resources/greek_encyclopedia/greek_encyclopedia_home.html
Click on the letter of the topic in which you are interested and the site will take you there.

XI: Map of Homeric Greece

– http://homer.reed.edu/blueseahomermap.gif
A map of
Greece during Homer’s time. This link may load slowly.

XII: Odyssey Online: Greece

– http://www.emory.edu/CARLOS/ODYSSEY/GREECE/homepg.html
Ancient Greek daily life, people, mythology, death and burial, and more

XIII: Ships of the Ancient Greeks on the World Wide Web

– http://www.webcom.com/shownet/medea/bulfinch/grkship.html
Images, articles and links to WWW sites

XIV: In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great

– http://www.pbs.org/mpt/alexander/
This PBS site explores this leader’s life and achievements. Click on the Overview to review Alexander’s life.

XV: Greek Art, Architecture, and Archaeology

– www.geocities.com/Athens/Crete/9169/greek.html – Greek art and architecture.

– www.sas.upenn.edu/~ekondrat/greece.html
Forum Antiquum: a site with links to sites about Greek art, archaeological fieldwork, and museum collections

– www.perseus.tufts.edu/art&arch.html
The Perseus Project’s site on Art and Archaeology, with useful links

– www.wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/
Maecenas: Images of Ancient Greece and
Rome by Leo C. Curran

XVI: History and Geography

– www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/histlink.html – Greek and Roman History links.

– www.roman-britain.org/main.htm
Chronicles the history of the Roman invasion and the settlement of the island; includes bibliographies, maps, and related references

– www.beyond.fr/villages/marshistory.html – Greek and Roman periods of the history of Marseilles.

XVII: Philosophy and Religion

– www.ancienthistory.about.com/cs/philosophers/index.htm
Links to sites about ancient philosophers

– www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/7969/rel_phil.htm – Religion and Philosophy links.

Rome

I: Roman Houses

– http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/house.html – Plan of a Roman house with clickable photos.

– http://library.thinkquest.org/22866/English/Architecture/huizen.html
3-D drawings of a Roman domus

– http://itsa.ucsf.edu/~erikred/brick/classic/acropolis.html
The Acropolis Project is a plan to collect designs for a Greco-Roman LEGO theme.

– http://www.tulane.edu/~spaeth/pompeii2/ComputerProject.html
A university-level project on Roman Houses that may be adapted for high school.

– http://www.emayzine.com/exams/hist3a6.htm
Take a multiple-choice quiz in Roman History and have it marked online!

– http://www.quia.com/dir/latin/
Latin activities including a quiz on the parts of the Roman House

– http://www.btinternet.com/~mrfield/SchoolHist/quizzes/millionaireindex.html
Who wants to be an Historical Millionaire?

II: Roman Daily Life

– http://www.uvm.edu/~classics/life/index.html
Athletics, food, history, holidays, houses and baths, laws, maps, politics, writing, women

– http://members.aol.com/TeacherNet/AncientRome.html
A general site with links

– http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Life_in_Roman_Britain.htm
– http://members.aol.com/Donnclass/Romelife.html
Ancient Rome Daily Life – suitable for younger students

– http://www.iei.net/~tryan/coins.htm – Roman Coins of the Early Empire.

– http://myron.sjsu.edu/romeweb/CUISINE/CUISINE.HTM
Roman Food – part of a larger site on
Rome

– http://www.skidmore.edu/academics/classics/courses/hi202/dailylife.html
Includes information on Roman ball games

– http://www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk/HuntMus/romans/ – Romans in Scotland!

– http://www.ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/potterfeature.html
Classics Technology Center - with many links including “Female Gladiator” David Potter’s UMich. course on Sport and Daily Life in the Roman World.

– http://www.realm-of-shade.com/RomanaeAntiquae/
“An Informal Look at the Lives of Women in Ancient Rome”

– http://www.legion-fourteen.com/ – “Legion XIIII: Ancient History Brought to Life.”

– http://www.brandeis.edu/news/ostrow.html – Roman Latrines

– http://members.aol.com/donnandlee/RomeTest.html
A test on Ancient Rome you may save and modify

– http://www.clubs.psu.edu/aegsa/rome/romec.html – The Roman Calendar

– http://www.proteacher.com/090084.shtml
Lesson plans on a variety of topics for elementary school

Ancient Rome Project

– http://www.best.com/~swanson/rome/eg_rome_menu1.html
Learn about the history of
Rome; its army, rites of passage, religion, geography, social structure and daily life.

Antique Roman Dishes - Collection

– http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mjw/recipes/ethnic/historical/ant-rom-coll.html

Armamentarivm: The Beginners’ Guide to Roman Military Equipment

– http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/archive/arma/welc/begin.htm
Frequently asked questions and a virtual visual tour of Roman military equipment

Aspects of Ancient Rome: A Student Gallery

– http://plato.acadiau.ca/courses/clas/provncal/Aspects/home.htm
Profiles of Ancient Roman people, places, historic sites, and more. “This Website is the result of a class project aimed at introducing the study of ‘Classics’ to high school students.”

Chronology: Rome

– http://eawc.evansville.edu/chronology/extract.cgi?place=ro
Timeline of ancient
Rome with brief descriptions

Dead Romans: Coins, Virtual Walkthrough of Rome, the Emperors

– http://www.deadromans.com

The Forum Romanum

– http://www.geocities.com/~stilicho/rome.html
Take a virtual tour of
Rome; learn about mythology, Latin language, and Roman life

The Forum Romanum: Exploring an Ancient Market Place

– http://library.thinkquest.org/11402/
History and religion, daily life, biographies, and quizzes about the Roman market place

Gods and Goddesses of Rome

– http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/deities.html
Descriptions of Roman gods and goddesses with a
ccompanying images

Journey Back in Time to Ancient Rome!

– http://www.richmond.edu/~ed344/webquests/rome/frames.html
This site takes you on a webquest. Find out what the task is and what your role will be!

Maps of the Roman Empire

– http://www.dalton.org/groups/rome/RMAPS.html
Links to various maps related to the
Roman Empire

Odyssey Online: Rome

– http://www.emory.edu/CARLOS/ODYSSEY/ROME/homepg.html
Ancient Roman daily life, people, mythology, death and burial, and more

Roma: History and Civilization of the Eternal City

– http://cyberfair.gsn.org/citrag/roma/eng_home.htm
Find out about the era of the republic, the era of the empire, Roman culture (houses, clothes, food, games, and more), religion, history, legends, monuments, economy and political system.

The Romans

– http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/romans/index.shtml
From the BBC education site, this page explains who the Romans were, what the empire and the republic were, and presents the emperors, senators, Roman leisure, education, and religion. Also includes maps.

Roman Military Sites in Britain

– http://www.morgue.demon.co.uk/
An introduction to the fortresses, forts, watchtowers, temporary camps, depots and industrial sites built by the Roman Empire in Britain and background material on the Roman Army and the military history of the province.

Rome Project

– http://www.dalton.org/groups/rome/index.html
Created by the Dalton School in New York City, this site explores Roman politics, literature, philosophy, religion, drama, military and more.

– www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/lit-link.html – Greek and Roman Literature links.

Territorial Expansion of the Roman World

– http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/HIST/tutor/firsteuro/roman.html
Text provides the background of the Roman expansion from early Roman rule through the late
Roman Empire.

Virtual Catalogue of Roman Coins

– http://artemis.austinc.edu/acad/cml/rcape/vcrc/
A virtual tour of Ancient Rome

– http://www.ancientsites.com/xi/activity/tour/index.rage

III: Pompeii and Herculaneum

– http://www.pompeiisites.org/database/pompei/pompei.nsf – The official site of Pompeii

– http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/pompeii/
– http://www.theplumber.com/pom.html
Pompeii from a plumber’s point of view

– http://www.amherst.edu/~classics/class36/usefulres.html
Useful resources for Cynthia Damon’s course at
Amherst College

– http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/1/0,5716,62301+1,00.html
Encyclopaedia Britannica on
Pompeii

– http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~atlas/europe/images.html
Photos of various ancient sites including the earthquake bas-relief from Caecilius’ house

– http://nw1.newsweek.com/nw-srv/inetguide/iguide_4505345.html
Ratings of and links to Roman sites

– http://www.tulane.edu/lester/text/Western.Architect/Pompeii/Pompeii.html
A selection of photos around
Pompeii

– http://users.netaccess.co.nz/chocfish/histpage_pomp00.html
A site from a high school in New Zealand with useful links – including revision games and quizzes that are corrected online

– http://harpy.uccs.edu/roman – Roman Art and Architecture, including Roman painting.

IV: The Forum

– http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/pompeii/
The
Pompeii Forum Project: see the notes for Teachers and Students

– http://www.touritaly.org/pompeii/forum.html
A tour of
Italy

– http://www.artsednet.getty.edu/ArtsEdNet/Exhibitions/Trajan/index.html
The Forum of Trajan in
Rome: Virtual Reality tour

V: Slaves and Freedmen

– http://bama.ua.edu/~dunla003/ – Slavery in Ancient Rome

VI: Roman Beliefs about Life after Death

– http://www.bowdoin.edu/dept/clas/arch304/lares/index.html – Domestic Religion at Pompeii

– http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/afterlife.html – Roman Beliefs about the Afterlife

– http://library.thinkquest.org/3461/roman_g.htm – Roman Religion and its connection to Astronomy

VII: Gladiators

– http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/gladiatr/index.html – Roman Gladiatorial Games

– http://www.gladiator-thefilm.com/ – About the film

The following three sites give factual background information about the material represented in the film
– http://www.murphsplace.com/gladiator/main.html
– http://www.exovedate.com/the_real_gladiator.html
– http://www.imperiumarts.com/gladiator.htm – Text and good links.

– http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/arena.html – Gladiatorial games.

VIII: Roman Baths

– http://www.bowdoin.edu/dept/clas/arch304/baths/ – Public Baths of Pompeii.

– http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/default.htm – The Baths in Bath, England.

– http://www.artsednet.getty.edu/ArtsEdNet/Resources/Trajan/Lesson6/act3.html
A lesson on baths and the theatre

– http://www.dl.ket.org/latin2/mores/baths/history/index.htm
Computer-generated pictures of each room

– http://www.usask.ca/antharch/cnea/CourseNotes/baths.html
John Porter’s course on Roman Baths

IX: The Destruction and Excavation of Pompeii:

– http://www.ibiscom.com/pompeii.htm – The Destruction of Pompeii, 79 AD

– http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/img_vesuvius.html
Text and photos of Vesuvius

– http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/field_proj/anampomp/excav99.htm
University of
Bradford’s Summer School in Archaeology, 2001

– http://urban.arch.virginia.edu/~km6e/tech_pres/pompeii/pompeii-home.html#eruption_notes
Technical notes on the eruption of 79 A.D.

– http://vulcan.fis.uniroma3.it/vesuvio/79_eruption.html – The eruption of Mt. Vesuvius

X: Roman Art, Architecture, and Archaeology

– www.geocities.com/Athens/Crete/9169/roman.html – Roman art and architecture

– www.perseus.tufts.edu/art&arch.html
The Perseus Project’s site on Art and Archaeology, with useful links.

– www.wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/
Maecenas: Images of Ancient Greece and
Rome by Leo C. Curran

– www.acad.depauw.edu/romarch/index.html – Romarch: Roman art and archaeology

 


Appendix A

Unit Strand Clustering

 

The following chart offers teachers a scheme for organizing material according to the strands which must be covered within the course. Teachers may wish to present the topics chronologically or according to strand. The times indicated below are approximate; teachers should allot time to each topic as appropriate for their situation. (Teachers who choose to follow a strand-based approach are directed to the time allocation below each strand; teachers who choose to follow a chronological, unit-based approach are directed to the time allocation indicated with each unit.

 

Strands  Õ

 

Units

Mythology

Art, Architecture, Archaeology

Literature

History and Geography

Philosophy and Religion

Approximate % of course content:

 

20%
(22 hours)

25%
(27.5 hours)

25%
(27.5 hours)

15%
(16.5 hours)

15%
(16.5 hours)

Possible Topics for Inclusion

1A:
(8 hours) Classical Theories of the Origins of the Universe

Theogony, cosmogony (discuss similarities to other myths from around the world); etiological myths

 

Hesiod’s Theogony

Map of Classical World; origins and migration patterns of the early Greeks.

Aspects of worship (sacrifice, prayer, construction of sanctuaries, characteristics of deity)

1B:
(10 hours) The Minoans

Heroic quests and labours, Theseus and the Minotaur, Heracles, Perseus, Jason, Atalanta

Minoan palaces, city structure; the role of Arthur Evans

Brief discussion of Linear A and Linear B; the Argonautica

Map of Crete, History of Cretan Culture

The Snake Goddess, bull sacrifice, and other aspects of Minoan worship

 


Appendix A  (Continued)

 

Strands  Õ

 

Units

Mythology

Art, Architecture, Archaeology

Literature

History and Geography

Philosophy and Religion

1C and D:
(12 hours) The Mycenaeans and the Trojan War

The Trojan War Liturgical myths

Mycenaean palaces, Cyclopean walls, tholos tombs, shaft graves, Lion’s Gate, etc. The site of Troy, ongoing excavations, the role of Schliemann, Dörpfeld, and Blegen

Iphigenia at Aulis, The Iliad, The Odyssey (Homer), Trojan Women (consider gender roles, social class, slavery)

Map of Mycenaean settlements in Greece, History of Minoan Culture, Map of Ionian Greece, Troy, and the Eastern Mediterranean; The Iliad as history; The Odyssey as geography

Mycenaean predecessors of Classical gods and goddesses. The role of the gods in the story of the Trojan war; aspects of worship and sacrifice, concepts of justice and heroism

2A:
(12 hours) Archaic
Greece

Myths of Orpheus, Demeter, and Dionysus (mystery religions)

Archaic sculpture, pottery, temple design (e.g., Temple of Hera at Olympia), archaic archaeological finds in southern Italy

Homeric Hymns (e.g., Hymn to Demeter), Lyric poetry, Simonides Solon, Sappho, Alcaeus, Herodotus, the Bacchae

Map of Greece and its colonies around the Mediterranean and the Black Seas; Development of legal institutions; slavery; development of the Greek army, governmental structure

Pre-Socratic philosophers (Thales, Heraclitus, etc.), mystery religions

 


Appendix A  (Continued)

 

Strands  Õ

 

Units

Mythology

Art, Architecture, Archaeology

Literature

History and Geography

Philosophy and Religion

2B:
(20 hours) Classical
Greece

Mythology in Classical literature,

Classical sculpture, temple construction, friezes; comparison of ancient art to Classically-inspired later art; Greek pottery; aspects of culture revealed by archaeology

Agamemnon, Oedipus Rex, Medea, the Clouds, Lysistrata, Pindar’s Olympic Odes

Classical Greek history, rise of democracy, Persian Wars, Peloponnesian Wars, Olympic Games

Classical philosophy – Socrates, Plato, Asclepius and Hippocrates

2C:
(8 hours) Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great

 

Archaeological excavation of Philip’s tomb and of sites in Macedonia

Arrian’s Campaigns of Alexander; Quintus Curtius’ Life of Alexander; Theocritus’ Idylls

Expansion of the Alexander’s Empire, cultural contact, trade routes, etc.

Aristotle – tutor to Alexander; Epicurus; Hellenistic science, mathematics, medicine

3A:
(10 hours) Early
Rome and the Etruscans

Aeneas and the founding of New Troy, Romulus and Remus; legendary kings of Rome; Tarpeia; Castor and Pollux, Hercules Victor, Pomona and Vertumnus, the Rape of Lucretia

Excavation in Etruria; excavation of early hut settlements on the Palatine hill and Forum Graves

Virgil, Livy

Early Rome – map of Italy, the early Roman village and Etruscan settlements; the ousting of the Etruscan Kings

Adoption of Venus Aesculapius and the creation of the insula Tiberina, augury, sacrifices and other acts of worship, Sibylline books…


Appendix A  (Continued)

 

Strands  Õ

 

Units

Mythology

Art, Architecture, Archaeology

Literature

History and Geography

Philosophy and Religion

3B:
(14 hours) Republican
Rome

 

Forum

Virgil, Plautus and Terence, Catullus, Horace, Cicero, Caesar’s Gallic Wars, Civil Wars

The foundation of the Republic, the Gracchi, Civil Wars, Julius Caesar and the First Triumvirate, Civil Wars

Lucretius, Cicero

3C:
(16 hours) The Roman Empire

Mystery religions

Ara Pacis, Domus Aurea, Colosseum, Imperial Fora, Circus Maximus, Pantheon, Prima Porta Augustus, Mausoleum of Hadrian, underwater excavations in Alexandria, Pompeii, Herculaneum Roman technology

Tacitus, Pliny, Petronius, Seneca, Martial, Juvenal, Apuleius

Julio-Claudian and other Emperors; the expansion of the Roman Empire. Barbarian invasions, Vandals, the division of the Empire

Imperial cults and the Deification of Emperors; Mithraism, Judaism Christianity, worship of Isis, Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations, Constantine the Great (and his mother, St. Helena). Schism within the Church; the philosophies of St. Augustine and Boethius

 

 


Coded Expectations, Classical Civilization, Grade 12, University Preparation, LVV4U

Mythology

Overall Expectations

MYV.01 · demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics and functions of myths;

MYV.02 · explain the impact of mythology on the arts (e.g., literature, music, sculpture, painting) and the sciences (e.g., psychology, astronomy);

MYV.03 · apply their knowledge of Latin and/or ancient Greek in the study of mythology (e.g., in examining the names of gods and heroes, and place names such as Hades, Tartarus, Elysium).

Specific Expectations

MY1.01 – describe some of the essential aspects and characteristics of myths (e.g., myths originate in a culture’s oral traditions; they reflect aspects of culture, especially religious beliefs);

MY1.02 – identify different types of myth (e.g., heroic quests, creation myths) and explain their significance, orally and in writing;

MY1.03 – trace English words used in the study and discussion of mythology to their Latin and ancient Greek roots (e.g., myth comes from the Greek word mythos; etiological comes from the Greek words aitia and logos);

MY1.04 – identify and demonstrate an understanding of aspects of modern culture that show the influence of myths (e.g., some of Freud’s theories) as well as some universal character traits and personality types by applying their knowledge of classical mythology (e.g., explain Freud’s use of classical mythology);

MY1.05 – compare classical myths of various types (e.g., creation myths, myths of heroic quests) with the myths of other cultures;

MY1.06 – show an understanding of the myths studied by expressing personal interpretations orally (e.g., in group discussions, dramatizations, presentations, skits) and in writing (e.g., in journals, plays, and essays);

MY1.07 – identify elements of classical mythology in art (e.g., in paintings, mosaics, sculptures), literature, and music.

Art, Architecture, and Archaeology

Overall Expectations

AAV.01 · identify a variety of styles and features in art and architecture, and define the terms used to describe and study them;

AAV.02 · apply knowledge gained through the study of archaeological findings in their exploration of daily life and culture in classical times.

Specific Expectations

AA1.01 – identify correctly different architectural features and explain their functions (e.g., the different orders of columns; parts of classical houses and public buildings; different types of arches and their uses);

AA1.02 – define architectural terms (e.g., pediment, stylobate, portico, column, peristyle) taken directly from ancient Greek (e.g., stylobaton, peristylion) and Latin (e.g., porticus, pedimentum, columna);

AA1.03 – demonstrate knowledge of some of the ways in which classical architecture influenced later building styles and engineering developments (e.g., identify examples of classical style in local architecture);

AA1.04 – describe various pottery styles (e.g., black figure, red figure, krater, kylix) and explain the uses of the artifacts that exemplify them in projects and presentations involving the use of slides or photographs;

AA1.05 – show an understanding of different styles of sculpture (e.g., Orientalized, archaic, classical, Hellenistic, Roman) in a variety of activities (e.g., slide/picture identification, creation of replicas, presentations);

AA1.06 – explain aspects of life in ancient times (e.g., the existence of a trade system involving other civilizations; the level of wealth in the society; the social order; burial customs; the level of literacy) by making inferences from artifacts and sites discovered through archaeological exploration;

AA1.07 – apply their knowledge of archaeological discoveries to classical literature (e.g., apply knowledge of the findings at Troy to explore and understand the importance of the Iliad).

Literature

Overall Expectations

LTV.01 · demonstrate knowledge of a variety of genres and themes in classical literature, as well as an understanding of Latin and ancient Greek terms used in literature;

LTV.02 · identify the similarities between the themes and genres of classical literature and those that appear in the literature of later cultures;

LTV.03 · identify some of the ways in which classical literature has influenced the literature (e.g., plays, poetry, novels) and other art forms (e.g., sculpture, painting) of later cultures.

Specific Expectations

LT1.01 – explain literary terms taken directly from ancient Greek and Latin (e.g., deus ex machina, dramatis personae, exit, exeunt);

LT1.02 – read classical works and analyse them with reference to plot, characterization, and stylistic devices (e.g., use of metaphors, similes, allusions, personification, foreshadowing);

LT1.03 – trace the development of themes in a play or other work of literature;

LT1.04 – explain the relationship between the literary works studied and the cultural/historical context in which they were produced (e.g., explain the connection between the Aeneid and Roman propaganda in the first century);

LT1.05 – show a critical understanding and appreciation of the works studied (e.g., write a book report; compare Roman love poetry to Shakespearean sonnets; compare classical authors to each other);

LT1.06 – interpret later works of art (e.g., Renaissance paintings on classical themes; operas based on classical literary figures) by relating the works to classical literature;

LT1.07 – show an understanding of the works studied by expressing personal responses in writing (e.g., write a journal commenting on the changing role of women in ancient Greece or Rome; write from the point of view of a character in a work studied; write newscasts describing specific events in ancient times).

History and Geography

Overall Expectations

HGV.01 · apply knowledge of history and geography to the materials studied in class;

HGV.02 · demonstrate an understanding of classical history and geography;

HGV.03 · demonstrate an awareness of cultures that were contemporary with those of ancient Greece and Rome;

HGV.04 · apply knowledge of classical political and social institutions to an understanding of other societies.

Specific Expectations

HG1.01 – identify correctly the geographic location of places in the classical world (e.g., locate places mentioned in literature, mythology, and history);

HG1.02 – explain the impact of historical developments on culture (e.g., the impact of the Persian Wars on the building of the Parthenon) orally as well as in writing;

HG1.03 – show an understanding of the relationship between the history, geography, and literature/mythology of ancient Greece and Rome (e.g., trace Odysseus’ route home through the Mediterranean; outline the connection between the Aeneid and the Punic Wars);

HG1.04 – show the relationship between the societies of ancient Greece and Rome and the societies of other ancient civilizations (e.g., Egyptian, Hebrew, Chinese, Mayan, and Indian societies) in a variety of projects;

HG1.05 – define the term classical studies as it pertains to the world of the Greeks and Romans and other ancient cultures;

HG1.06 – demonstrate the ability to analyse ancient societies in terms of social organization and class structure (e.g., gender roles, class divisions, slavery) and make comparisons with other societies through the ages;

HG1.07 – demonstrate knowledge of the influence of classical political, legal, and cultural institutions on later societies (e.g., the widespread adoption of democracy, Canada’s legal system);

HG1.08 – explain the origins, in ancient Greek and Latin, of terms used in history, law, politics, and geography (e.g., democracy, history, geography, modus operandi).

Philosophy and Religion

Overall Expectations

PRV.01 · demonstrate an understanding of various philosophies and religions found in ancient Greece and Rome;

PRV.02 · explain ancient Greek and Latin philosophical and religious terms;

PRV.03 · demonstrate an understanding of the influence of the philosophies and religions of ancient Greece and Rome on classical and other societies.

Specific Expectations

PR1.01 – identify key figures and theories in the development of classical philosophies (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, Boethius, the theory of forms, Epicureanism, Stoicism);

PR1.02 – demonstrate an understanding of philosophical terms derived from ancient Greek and Latin (e.g., idea, psyche, summum bonum);

PR1.03 – apply an understanding of classical philosophy to classical history and literature (e.g., examine the influence of Stoicism on Marcus Aurelius’ term as emperor; outline the role of Platonic philosophy in the development of formal education; explain Aristotle’s role as tutor of Alexander the Great) in a variety of activities (e.g., debates, discussions, presentations, creative projects);

PR1.04 – analyse the role of philosophy in the development of scientific thought (e.g., examine the origins of the Hippocratic oath, the development of Democritus’ theory of the atom, Aristotle’s organization of the natural world) in a variety of activities (e.g., research projects, seminars, creative projects);

PR1.05 – identify and describe the different religions found in the ancient world (e.g., mystery religions, Mithraism, Judaism, Christianity, the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, state religion, the worship of Isis and other mythological deities);

PR1.06 – demonstrate an understanding of Latin and ancient Greek religious terms (e.g., Pontifex Maximus, augur, liturgia);

PR1.07 – compare religious beliefs and myths in the ancient world (e.g., relate myths of creation to the Eleusinian mysteries, the worship of Dionysus, and the worship of the Magna Mater);

PR1.08 – compare the religions and myths of the classical world to those of other cultures;

PR1.09 – analyse the influence of religion on classical culture (e.g., emperor-worship; the amalgamation of deities from different cultures; the adoption of Christianity by the Roman Empire) in a variety of activities (e.g., discussions, research projects, and seminars).

 

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