Course Profile   Issues of Indigenous Peoples in a Global Context (NDW4M), Grade 12, University/College Preparation, Catholic

 

Unit 1:  Indigenous World Views

Time:  20 hours

 

Activity 1 | Activity 2 | Activity 3

 

Unit Description

In this unit, students discuss and compare terms that are used to define indigenous peoples. Students explore and investigate the diversity as well as the world views of groups of indigenous peoples in a global context. Students respond to the manner in which the world views of indigenous peoples express their autonomy, sovereignty and self-determination. Finally, students apply their understanding of the strategies that indigenous peoples use to preserve and sustain their cultures and languages.

Unit Planning Notes

Teachers should review with the terminology and activities inherent in the Grades 9 to 12, Native Studies Courses. They should also locate selected articles and verify websites.

Activity Titles:  Time and Sequence

Activity 1

Shared Perspectives in Indigenous World Views in Canada and the World

6 hours

Activity 2

Expression of Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-determination

7 hours

Activity 3

Maintenance and Sustenance of Culture, Languages and Traditions in a Context of Change

7 hours

Prior Knowledge & Skills

If students have not taken previous Native Studies courses, teachers will need to supplement the materials provided. Students also need to be familiar with basic research techniques, including the knowledge of how to use search engines.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Strand(s):  Identity, Relationships, Sovereignty and Challenges

Overall Expectations

IDV.01 - demonstrate an understanding of how certain terms relating to Aboriginal peoples change when they are used in an international context;

IDV.02 - identify where indigenous peoples are situated throughout the world;

IDV.05 - demonstrate an understanding of the commonality of world views of indigenous peoples around the world;

SOV.01 - identify the nature and scope of “self-determination” as articulated by indigenous peoples worldwide;

SOV.02 - describe the basis for the autonomy of indigenous peoples;

CHV.01 - identify the common issues facing the world’s indigenous peoples;

CHV.02 - demonstrate an understanding of the factors that influence indigenous peoples’ participation in international affairs or the global economy;

CHV.03 - describe a variety of approaches that indigenous peoples are taking to preserve and maintain indigenous knowledge as it relates to such things as culture, language, and the environment.

Specific Expectations

ID1.01 - demonstrate an understanding of the similarity in world views of the world’s indigenous populations;

ID1.02 - describe the legal and political perspectives of the world views of indigenous peoples concerning their own social, economic, or cultural development (e.g., regarding governance, resource development, or the preservation of indigenous languages);

ID1.03 - describe how indigenous peoples throughout the world have maintained the core principles of an indigenous world view (e.g., land stewardship; cooperation; reciprocal relationships, such as “people with the Creator”, “people with people”, and “people with the environment”) or have lost their traditional ways (e.g., destruction of the rain forest);

RE1.01 - describe the world view that Aboriginal peoples in Canada have in relation to other indigenous societies in the international community;

RE1.02 - describe the dialogue on issues of reconciliation (e.g., reciprocity, sharing) between indigenous peoples and their nation states in various parts of the world;

RE1.03 - demonstrate an understanding that the North American Aboriginal cultural perspective on land is shared by indigenous peoples in various parts of the world;

RE1.04 - identify views and concerns that unite indigenous peoples around the world (e.g., sovereignty and sustainability);

RE3.03 - demonstrate an understanding of how an indigenous group has used a philosophical attachment to its traditional lands (e.g., the Maori of New Zealand, the Aborigines of Australia) as a means of maintaining the group’s cultural identity;

SO1.01 - explain the meaning of the term self-determination;

SO1.02 - identify universal characteristics of indigenous sovereignty (e.g., a land base bestowed by the Creator; a traditional body of knowledge, language, and law; a self-identifying population);

CH1.01 - demonstrate an understanding of the global roles that indigenous peoples see for themselves (e.g., stewardship of the environment, co-management of resources with national governments);

CH1.02 - describe the strategies that indigenous peoples are using to sustain their cultures and languages, and to protect the environment;

CH1.03 - describe how indigenous peoples are using their cultural practices and traditional teachings when developing new strategies to cope with change.

 

Activity 1:  Shared Perspectives in Indigenous World Views
                        in
Canada and the World

Time:  6 hours

Description

Students work in small groups to research and create a short presentation on a specific global indigenous people. The teacher pre-selects and assigns the indigenous groups to be investigated to ensure a global perspective is shared in the presentations. Each group of 3 or 4 students includes writings and stories from the indigenous group as part of their presentation. At least one of the pieces should reveal the indigenous group’s connection to the land as revealed through stories and mythology. Following all of the class presentations, students use the research provided in the presentations to complete an essay response to the following thesis: Globally, the stories and beliefs of indigenous peoples reveal a connection to their ancestral lands that is similar in many respects.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Strand(s):  Identity, Relationships

Overall Expectations

IDV.01 - demonstrate an understanding of how certain terms relating to Aboriginal peoples change when they are used in an international context;

IDV.02 - identify where indigenous peoples are situated throughout the world;

IDV.05 - demonstrate an understanding of the commonality of world views of indigenous peoples around the world.

Specific Expectations

ID1.01 - demonstrate an understanding of the similarity in world views of the world’s indigenous populations;

ID1.02 - describe the legal and political perspectives of the world views of indigenous peoples concerning their own social, economic, or cultural development (e.g., regarding governance, resource development, or the preservation of indigenous languages);

RE1.01 - describe the world view that Aboriginal peoples in Canada have in relation to other indigenous societies in the international community;

RE1.02 - describe the dialogue on issues of reconciliation (e.g., reciprocity, sharing) between indigenous peoples and their nation states in various parts of the world;

RE1.03 - demonstrate an understanding that the North American Aboriginal cultural perspective on land is shared by indigenous peoples in various parts of the world;

RE1.04 - identify views and concerns that unite indigenous peoples around the world;

RE3.03 - demonstrate an understanding of how an indigenous group has used a philosophical attachment to its traditional lands as a means of maintaining the group’s cultural identity.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

Students have a basic knowledge of world political and cultural geography from Grade 9 Geography. Students will have knowledge of Aboriginal peoples in Canada from their prerequisite course in Native Studies. These courses introduce students to many issues and philosophical orientations also encountered in this course. Some facility with the use of Internet search engines would be necessary for this activity.

Planning Notes

Review Grade 9, 10, and 11 course outlines for an explanation of terms and activities related Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Class time spent becoming acquainted with these terms will vary according to each student’s background. It is also important that the teacher check for websites on the chosen indigenous groups before the groups begin to research. Plan to give each group two websites the teacher has checked and knows are accessible. The teacher should also check library/resource centre sources and collect some relevant print materials. Decisions regarding what groups to examine is important. It should be guided by the desire to introduce students to a wide geographic range of indigenous peoples and by the available resources. Book access to computers with Internet.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   Begin the lesson by defining the term Aboriginal peoples as it is used in a Canadian context. Share/review other terms related to Canadian Aboriginal identity, e.g., First Nations, Metis. Introduce the term “indigenous peoples” and its meaning, i.e., “Indigenous peoples are descendants of the original inhabitants of a given geographical territory.” (30 minutes)

2.   Inform students that they are going to begin a short, focused group research project. Each group is given an indigenous group to research using the Internet and available print resources. The group then reports back to the rest of the class. Inform students that the indigenous groups selected for investigation were chosen so as to highlight the global diversity of indigenous culture.

3.   Hand out (or have the students create) KWL charts (see Appendix 1). The K (know) portion of this organizer provide students with an opportunity to make explicit and share what they already may know about the topic (Global Indigenous Peoples). The W (want to know) portion of the organizer allows students to direct their own educational agenda. Knowing students’ particular interests in respect to the course content can also be valuable for the teacher as they plan the unit of study. The L part of the organizer (what I learned) can be filled in at the end of the unit. This can be turned into a valuable reflective activity near the end of the course. (30 minutes)

4.   Divide students into research groups of 3 or 4. Possible choices for student research could be: Ainu (Asia) Haida (North America) Kayapo (South America) San Bushman (Africa) Sami (Europe). (The preceding list is not intended to be prescriptive but is meant to show the type of global geographic range for which the teacher should strive in this activity. Assuming a wide geographic range is achieved, the actual indigenous peoples investigated can be varied according to the resources available). Hand out the Presentation and Research Criteria (see Appendix 1). This outline can also serve as a guide to the evaluation of the presentation. The teacher should help each group get started by providing them with a couple of well-chosen pieces of information on the indigenous group they are researching. It is important to facilitate access to computer databases, given the wide range of resources available here. Some suggested materials can be found in the resource section of this lesson.

Each presentation should be limited to approximately 10 minutes. (4 hours - includes time for research and classroom presentations.) It is expected that some of the research will be done as homework.

5.   After the presentations are complete, students will have a range of literature that represents global indigenous world views. As a final task, students write an essay to support the following thesis: Globally the stories and beliefs of indigenous peoples reveal a connection to their ancestral lands that is similar in many respects. (1 hour.) This task is primarily intended to be a homework assignment, but the teacher may want to devote some class time to the activity in its initial stages (e.g., model writing of the introductory paragraph, collaborating with students to develop evaluation criteria for the essay, etc.).

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

The first activity (strategy 4), a small group presentation and research on a pre-chosen global indigenous group, should be assessed formatively. A checklist could easily be developed from the Presentation and Research Criteria (Appendix 1). Each presentation is expected to demonstrate a knowledge of the basic facts surrounding the indigenous peoples examined. Teacher observation during the research process provides information about students’ ability to apply inquiry process skills. Finally, the presentation is assessed for clarity and a sense of audience and purpose.

The essay (strategy 5) should be completed as an independent task and assessed with a teacher-developed rubric or checklist-style marking guide. Students have the opportunity to apply, make connections between, and transfer concepts from strategy 1. The focus for evaluation in this activity is student demonstration of the degree to which they recognize and understand the commonality of world views of global indigenous peoples.

Accommodations

Research materials, at an appropriate reading level, should be pre-selected by the teacher and made available to students, if necessary. Peer support for identified students should be arranged. A possible enrichment option would be to ask students to investigate ideas and concepts by thinkers in what has become known as “deep ecology” (e.g., The Dream of the Earth by Thomas Berry) and comment on the degree to which these perspectives reflect and borrow from traditional indigenous thought.

Resources

Books

Berry, T., The Dream of the Earth. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1988.

Bernstein, J. “Maya Traditional Knowledge: Preserving Forests in Guatemala.” Native Americas,
V. 13:1 (Spring 1996): 30-37.

Knudtson, Peter and David Suzuki. Wisdom of the Elders. Toronto: Stoddart, 1992. ISBN 0-7737-2520-2

Lewis-Williams, J.D. Stories That Float From Afar: Ancestral Folklore of the San of Southern Africa. South Africa: New Africa Books, 2001. ISBN 0-86486-462-0

Maybury-Lewis, D. Millennium: Tribal Wisdom in the Modern World. Boston: Viking Books, 1992.

Roberts, E. and E. Amidon. Earth prayers from around the world. San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1991.

Websites

Aini Moshiri – http://www.pasifika.net/pacific_action/voices/ainu.html
(the Director of the Ainu Association of Hokkaido, Mr. Tokuhei Akibe, speaks about his people)

Cultural Survival Publications Department – http://www.cs.org

First Peoples on SchoolNet – http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/elders-e.html
(traditional teachings from Canadian indigenous peoples)

The Center for World Indigenous Studies – http://www.cwis.org/
(has a variety of articles and information on the world’s indigenous peoples)

Storytelling: A Unit of Study – http://www.galileo.org/tips/storytelling/storyunit.html
(material on oral storytelling, including material on African indigenous peoples and the Ainu)

 

Activity 2:  Expressions of Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-determination

Time:  7 hours

Description

Students explore the meanings of the terms autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination. Then they respond to articles, videos, and statements in which indigenous peoples from North, Central, and South America express their self-determination and sovereignty. Finally, students investigate the manner in which indigenous peoples from Oceania, South East Asia, East Asia and Russia, or Africa declare their sovereignty, autonomy, or self-determination.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Strand(s):  Identity, Sovereignty

Overall Expectations

SOV.01 - identify the nature and scope of “self-determination” as articulated by indigenous peoples worldwide;

SOV.02 - describe the basis for the autonomy of indigenous peoples;

IDV.05 - demonstrate an understanding of the commonality of world views of indigenous peoples around the world.

Specific Expectations

SO1.01 - explain the meaning of the term self-determination;

SO1.02 - identify universal characteristics of indigenous sovereignty (e.g., a land base bestowed by the Creator; a traditional body of knowledge, language, and law; a self-identifying population);

ID1.02 - describe the legal and political perspectives of the world views of indigenous peoples concerning their own social, economic, or cultural development (e.g., regarding governance, resource development, or the preservation of indigenous languages).

Prior Knowledge & Skills

Students should be familiar with generating ideas, and gathering and analysing information from a variety of print, audio-visual, and Internet resources. Students should be familiar with the uses and conventions of different forms of writing developed in the Grade 11 course, English: Contemporary Aboriginal Voices or in the Grade 11 English program.

Planning Notes

Teachers should:

·         review the terms self determination, autonomy, and sovereignty prior to class;

·         review the uses and conventions of the different forms of writing;

·         locate selected articles from books, magazines, or newspapers on Aboriginal sovereignty;

·         verify websites prior to assigning them for student use.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   Review shared world views of indigenous peoples in Canada and the world.

2.   Place the words autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination on board.

Students brainstorm the meanings and subtleties of these words, i.e., self-determination does not imply autonomy or sovereignty, but the freedom of a people to choose their form of government.

Locate meanings in the dictionary and place them on the board. (Sample definitions: autonomy – “independence; self-government”; sovereignty – “freedom from outside control; independence in exercising power or authority”; self-determination – “direction from within only, without influence or force from without; the deciding by the people of a nation what form of government they should have, without reference to the wishes of any other nation, especially one to which it has been subject” from World Book Multimedia Encyclopaedia.) Students record definitions in notebooks.

3.   Ask students: Why do indigenous peoples want self-determination?

4.   Place the following statement on the board, “In international law, the concept of self-determination encompasses the right of people to freely determine without external interference their political status and to pursue their economic, social, and cultural development” found in Aboriginal Self-Determination, p.191. (See Resources.) Students record statement in notebooks.

Ask students the following: What are some of the ways indigenous peoples pursue their economic, social, and cultural development?

5.   Show video, Indigenous 500 or Five Centuries Later (North, South, and Central America).

In response to the video, students write a short persuasive essay that defines and argues for indigenous self-determination.

6.   Show video, Issues Update and/or Native People and the Future (North America).

Discuss issues related to sovereignty raised in these programs.

7.   In pairs, students read teacher-selected articles from books, magazines, or newspapers on Aboriginal sovereignty.

Students then write an editorial for or against Aboriginal sovereignty. Students share these editorials with the class.

8.   Ask students the following: How do indigenous peoples make their views on sovereignty known?

9.   Students read “A Declaration of the First Nations”(1981) in Surviving as Indians (p. 323), “Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Other Ethnic Groups in the New Colombian Constitution” in Aboriginal Peoples (pp. 178–179), and “Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization” (1991) in Aboriginal Peoples (pp. 161–165). (See Resources.)

In small groups, students compare and contrast these or other indigenous statements of sovereignty. Then have students list universal characteristics of indigenous sovereignty in chart form.

10.  Show video, Hanging On, Keep the Circle Strong, Pachamama, or My Macondo (Central and South America). Students write a short video review highlighting the issues of sovereignty and self-determination as described in the video.

11.  In small groups or pairs, students use the Internet to gather information on other indigenous peoples’ legal and political perspectives on sovereignty, autonomy, or self-determination from Oceania, South East Asia, East Asia and Russia, or Africa. Then students report findings orally to the class or in a written form of their choice.

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Assessment/evaluation includes:

·         diagnostic assessment of a short persuasive essay that defines and argues for indigenous self-determination, with teacher using a writing convention checklist (Knowledge/Understanding and Thinking/Inquiry);

·         formative assessment of “universal characteristics of indigenous sovereignty” chart with teacher, using anecdotal comments (Knowledge/Understanding and Communication);

·         formative assessment of small group oral report on indigenous peoples’ legal and political perspectives on sovereignty, autonomy or self-determination from Oceania, South East Asia, East Asia and Russia, or Africa with teacher using rubric (Communication and Application).

Accommodations

Students with who have difficulty with written communication may choose to present their written work orally or choose alternate forms of writing for this activity.

Resources

Teachers should consult local Aboriginal communities and organizations for resources in addition to the print and electronic materials referenced in this document.

Print

Boldt, Menno. Surviving as Indians: The Challenge of Self-Government. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1993.

Cassidy, Frank, ed. Aboriginal Self-Determination. Lantzville, BC: Oolichan Books, 1991.

Bird, John, L. Land, and M. MacAdam, eds. Nation to Nation: Aboriginal Sovereignty and the Future of Canada. Toronto: Irwin Publishing, 2002.

Fleras, Augie and Jean Leonard Elliot. The Nations Within: Aboriginal State Relations in Canada, the United States, and New Zealand. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Léger, Marie, ed. Aboriginal Peoples: Toward Self-Government. Montreal, QC: Black Rose Books, 1994.

Magazines and Newspapers

Cultural Survival Quarterly. 215 Prospect St., Cambridge, MA, 02139 telephone: (617) 441-5400.

Maclean’s (www.macleans.ca)

The Globe and Mail (www.the globeandmail.com)

The National Post (www.nationalpost.com)

The Toronto Star (www.thestar.com)

Audio-Visual

Indigenous 500. MLC, 1991. 30 min. (137-31-152)

Issues Update (from CHRO-TV). Toronto: MLC, 1992. 30 min. (137-31-166)

Native People and the Future (from CHRO-TV). Toronto: MLC, 1994. 30 min. (137-31-184)

Hanging On. Montreal: NFB, 1993. 11 min.

Keep the Circle Strong. Montreal: NFB, 1990. 28 min.

Pachamama. Montreal: NFB, 1991. 29 min.

My Macondo. Montreal: NFB, 1988. 50 min.

Five Centuries Later. Montreal: NFB, 1991. 53 min.

Yakonana:We Walk to the Future in the Footsteps of Our Ancestors (FilmWest Associates).

Multimedia

World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia, IBM, 1998.

Internet

Cultural Survival – http://www.cs.org/main.htm

Self-Determination in the Information Age – http://hawaii-nation.org/sdinfooge.html

The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Indigenous Studies – http://www.cwis.org/wwwvl/indigvl.html

Organizations That Focus on Self-Determination– fpif.org/selfdetermination/experts/index.html

Foreign Policy in Focus – fpif.org/selfdetermination/index.html

FindArticles.com – http://www.findarticles.com

Google.com – htpp://www.google.com

Websites

The URLS for Websites were verified by the writers prior to publication. Given the frequency with which these designations change, teachers should always verify the websites prior to assigning them for student use.

A Layperson’s Guide to Delgamuukw – www.bctreaty.net/publications/layweb.html

Actions and Solutions: World Summit on Sustainable Development
– www.earthday.net/goals/worldsummit.stm

Aguinda v. Texaco, Jota v. Texaco – http://www.texacorainforest.org

Annotated Reading List (languages) – http://collections.ic.gc.ca/afn/lngpg12.htm

Center for World Indigenous Studies – www.cwis.org

Cofan Guardians of the Rainforest – www.cofan.org

Earth Island Journal – http://earthisland.org/eijournal

Endangered Languages Endangered Lives, Summer 2001 – www.cs.org/publications/CSQ/252/index.htm

Federation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages – www.fatsil.org

Forging a New Relationship: Proceedings of the Conference on the Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. 1997 Ed. D.B. Smith. – www.arts.mcgill.ca

Foundation for Aboriginal and Islander Research Action – www.faira.org.au

Hawaiian Language, Literacy and Technology – http://english.ohio-state.edu/people/lum.6/hl/main.html

Hawaiian Language – http://www.ncbe.gwu.edu/miscpubs/stabilize/additional/hawaiian.htm

La Selva Ecotourist Lodges – http://www.laselvajunglelodge.com

New South Wales Department of Aboriginal Publications – www.daa.nsw.gov.au/daa/publications.html

Peru: A Country Study – http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/petoc.html

Sacha Lodge – http://www.sachalodge.com

Sami Culture in a New Era (Introduction and resources)
– www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/papers/Gaski.pdf

Stabilizing Indigenous Languages – www.ncbe.gwu.edu

The Sami in Finland – http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/saameng.html

The Best of Foreign Policy on Globalization – www.foreignpolicy.com

The Best of Foreign Policy – www.foreignpolicy.org

Toward Earth Summit 2002 – www.earthsummit2002.org/es/life/2002pdf._

UNESCO – www.unesco.org/education/hst

World Intellectual Property Organization (W.I.P.O.) – www.wipo.org

Video

Our Healing Journey.” Chippewa of the Thames Education Office. (519) 289-0621

 

Activity 3:  Maintenance and Sustenance of Culture, Languages and Traditions
                        in a Context of Change

Time:  7 hours

Description

Students use their knowledge of indigenous world views to examine how these views influence participation in the new global economy. They investigate approaches to sustaining indigenous knowledge in a global context. Finally, students work in small groups to present one of these approaches, as it relates to culture and language or the environment, in preparation for a role-playing activity.

Strand(s) & Learning Expectations

Strand(s):  Identity, Relationships, Sovereignty, Challenges

Overall Expectations

CHV.01 - identify the common issues facing the world’s indigenous peoples;

CHV.02 - demonstrate an understanding of the factors that influence indigenous peoples’ participation in international affairs or the global economy;

CHV.03 - describe a variety of approaches that indigenous peoples are taking to preserve and maintain indigenous knowledge as it relates to such things as culture, language, and the environment.

Specific Expectations

ID1.03 - describe how indigenous peoples throughout the world have maintained the core principles of an indigenous world view or have lost their traditional ways;

CH1.01 - demonstrate an understanding of the global roles that indigenous peoples see for themselves;

CH1.02 - describe the strategies that indigenous peoples are using to sustain their cultures and languages, and to protect the environment;

CH1.03 - describe how indigenous peoples are using their cultural practices and traditional teachings when developing new strategies to cope with change.

Prior Knowledge & Skills

Students apply the core principles of indigenous world views developed in previous activities. Students should be able to describe the relationship between Aboriginal peoples in Canada and the majority society’s government prior to completion of this unit.

Planning Notes

Teachers should locate and review all materials prior to use in the classroom to ensure fundamental issues are addressed, to assist independent and group reading, and to guide class discussions.

Students require access to Internet, audio-visual equipment and print resources during the directed research portion of the activity.

The role-play activity is designed so that students learn by doing. Do not limit the roles to those provided in Appendix 2. Students may develop a new position through their readings that can be added to the list.

The teacher should prepare a sample overview of the roles to be modeled for the class as outlined in Teaching Strategies.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

Day One:

1.   (60 minutes) Define Globalization and lead students in a brainstorming session about its characteristics. Select excerpts from globalization articles for small groups to read independently. Under the heading Global Economy small groups of students make a chart of the “buzz words” that appear in the articles. Students look up some of the buzz words on an Internet encyclopedia or website of your choice. Lead a class discussion on the various positions that arise (e.g., indigenous groups’ change from subsistence to market economy, capitalist, opponents of the free-market economy), positions that could be taken in the role-play activity to follow.

2.   (10 minutes) Once students can identify global market values, they begin to consider how global economic and environmental practices are interrelated. For example, international human rights laws are being used to argue that both environmental devastation and indigenous language policies, resulting in language loss, are human rights violations. Students prepare a list of the arguments for and against this position to be discussed next class, e.g., sustaining core principles of indigenous world views including connection to the land, sustenance economies, and collective thinking as opposed to the emphasis on the individual.

Day Two:

3.   (20 minutes) Using poetry as an introductory activity, the teacher assigns a poem for students to read in small groups or individually. A preselected word is highlighted and students come up with another word to replace it. For example, the use of the word “settled” versus another word in the following quotation taken from the Aboriginal Peoples: Building for the Future text: “Europeans settled all of those lands hundreds of years ago and dispossessed the original inhabitants (Quinlan p. 92)”. The teacher asks how the meaning of the description is changed if a word such as “exploited” is used?

4.   (40 minutes) Review their arguments for and against the position that indigenous groups’ human rights have been violated. Students consider movements that oppose corporate globalization and consider the role of indigenous groups. Using the same articles, students re-read, highlight key information, make notes, and write down ideas as they occur while responding to the following prompts: What are human rights? What is anti-globalization? Is an alternative global society, based on common ownership of the world’s resources, a viable position to take? What are “market values”? How do they compare to the traditional values that support an indigenous world view? What are the connections between corporate globalization and indigenous sovereignty struggles? Students highlight the ideas that they missed the first time they read the articles. These notes will guide research for the role-playing activity.

5.   (10 minutes) Introduce the roles to be played to conclude this activity. Roles are assigned to small groups by the teacher. Students begin to research their assigned roles (see Appendix 2). Each group prepares a short written statement outlining their role and position on the issue(s) of the environment and language retention. Students are reminded that careful word selection will strengthen the force of their position. All members of the group must agree on the statement. Their submission should be a strong statement that clearly defines the issue and includes an explanation of the facts and opinions. Each group member must locate and read two additional resources not provided by the teacher. A variety of sources must be submitted, e.g., Internet, personal account, newspaper, poem, novel, and historical account, as well as all rough notes.

Day Three:

6.   (10 minutes) Model overview of elders’ role. (See Appendix 2)

7.   (60 minutes) Teacher-guided research. Are there other groups that would agree with you on a certain point? Are you trying to convince the others to agree with your point of view? (See Appendix 2)

Day Four:

8.   (70 minutes) Model overview of activist’s role or the role of corporate business. Teacher-guided research continues. (See Appendix 2)

Day Five:

9.   (70 minutes) Introduce each group represented in the role play activity. After each group has presented the prepared statement, students begin the discussion and decision-making process, while playing their roles. The teacher may have to prompt discussion and decision-making (e.g., list the various alternatives, specify the pros and cons of each alternative, express as many of the advantages and disadvantages as possible, decide on a course of action).

Day Six:

10.  (70 minutes) Wrap-up: List some of the impediments students faced in their roles to improving the situation they were trying to solve. Students write a journal entry, explaining whether they personally agreed with the role they were playing. Were there any suggestions that they had that they could not voice while in character?

Assessment & Evaluation of Student Achievement

Formative Assessment

Day One: Teacher makes anecdotal comments on class-generated charts and discussions, with a focus on student use of their knowledge about indigenous world views, e.g., knowledge of facts, understanding of concepts.

Day Two: The teacher uses a checklist noting individual preparation for class discussions, e.g., analyse and interpret information, know how facts and opinions relate to the information presented, communicate thoughts clearly and persuasively to others during class discussions. Individual student notes, including a list of arguments regarding human rights violations, notes made from articles read, and additions of ideas missed after group discussions, are to be evaluated for completeness and evidence of critical thinking skills.

Day Three and Four: Teachers make anecdotal comments on guided research, e.g., making connections, generating ideas and information, following instructions, use of familiar concepts in new contexts.

Day Five: Teacher-developed rubric used for role-play group evaluations, e.g., in-class presentation and ability to discuss an issue; evidence of background reading to defend their group’s position; correct use of terms and language, symbols or images; clear identification of their position.

Day Six: Teacher uses a checklist of assignments for submission, including additional group resources, a copy of a written statement of the group’s position, all rough notes (including evidence of peer evaluation), and a final independent journal entry (including evidence of self-evaluation).

Accommodations

Depending on the articles available to teachers, students may require assistance identifying the point of view of the author. Assign small selections for students or groups to read with a group follow-up led by the teacher.

Groups who are having difficulty may require a format to follow when preparing their position on the issue, e.g., outline questions and answers, such as: Briefly state what you want to convince the other groups to believe. List the evidence or reasons why. Summarize position in one sentence.

For enrichment students could prepare an annotated bibliography in MLA format.

Resources

Globalization Articles

Choudry, A. “Bringing It All Back Home: Anti-globalization Activism Cannot Ignore Colonial Realities.” Canadian Dimension, V.35 (5) (September 2001).

Grant, Agnes. Our Bit of Truth: An Anthology of Canadian Native Literature. Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications, Inc., 1990.

Micklethwait, J. and A. Wooldridge. “The Globalization Backlash.” Foreign Policy (September 2001).

Moses, D. and T. Goldie, eds. An Anthology of Canadian Native Literature, 2nd ed. Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Putsche, L. “A reassessment of resource depletion, market dependency and culture change on a Shipibo Reserve in the Peruvian Amazon.” Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, V.28 (1)
(March 2000).

The Best of Foreign Policy on Globalization – www.foreignpolicy.com


Appendix 1

Presentation and Research Criteria

 

Group Members

 

___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

 

Your Topic: _____________________________________

 

1.   Your presentation should provide the class with a clear sense of the indigenous populations’ geographical location, e.g., a global map showing the indigenous groups’ ancestral lands should be provided to each student in the class.

 

2.   Your presentation must provide each class member with a short piece of writing from an indigenous person in your researched group. The piece of writing, e.g., written draft made from interviews and discussions, draft of speech given to a political body, oral transcripts from educational institutes devoted to the preservation and promotion of indigenous knowledge, should reveal the indigenous group’s connection to the land as revealed through stories and mythology.

 

3.   Some interpretation must accompany the writing selection provided to the class. The interpretation should seek to explain how the many levels of attachment and connection to the land (e.g., meets physical needs by providing game animals, meets spiritual needs through the identification of some areas as sacred space) can be recognized in the writing.

 

4.   Your presentation must provide resource suggestions to other students who may wish to seek more in-depth information about the presented group.

 

KWL Chart for: Global Indigenous Peoples

K

What I Know about the topic

 

W

What I Want to know about the topic

 

L

What I Learned about the topic”)

 

 


Appendix 2

Role Play Instructions to Students

 

You are a member of the United Nations’ International Decade of the World’s Indigenous Peoples
(1995-2004) Committee on Languages and Environments. Your role at the inaugural meeting is to state your group’s position and make recommendations to solve the problems facing indigenous peoples’ languages and environments.

 

The Environmental Activists

Your major concerns are the detrimental effects globalization poses to the environment.

Review sources such as the following:

Aguinda v. Texaco, Jota v. Texaco – http://www.texacorainforest.org

Earth Island Journal – http://earthisland.org/eijournal

Cofan Guardians of the Rainforest – www.cofan.org

Toward Earth Summit 2002 – www.earthsummit2002.org/es/life/2002pdf

World Summit on Sustainable Development – www.earthday.net/goals/worldsummit.stm

Markels, A. “Texaco’s crude legacy.” Mother Jones, V. 24(3)(May 1999).

Maybury-Lewis, D and T. Macdonald (eds.) Cultural Survival: Studies in Ethnicity and Change Series. (Video) Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

 

National Political Leaders

Your mandate is to promote open trade and economic cooperation among nations by promoting international trade and investment. You will have to respond to charges that developing nations are often viewed as valuable only as a reservoir for raw materials. As well, consider your own history of colonial policies and practices. Review sources such as the following:

Myers, S. “If not reconciliation then what?” Review of the Social Economy, V. 58(3).

Godden, D. “The interaction of planning law and native title.” Environmental and Planning Law Journal. V. 7(5) (October 2001).

Pires-O’Brien. “Indian Land Rights and Land Conflicts in Brazil: A critical essay.” Contemporary Review. V. 275 (September 1999).

Ward, S. “Indian Education Policy and Politics 1972-1982.” Canadian Journal of Native Education,

V. 13(2) (1986).

Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperating Forum – www.apec.org


Appendix 2  (Continued)

 

Elders

You are members of a self-identifying people, from various indigenous groups sharing similar colonial histories and the bonds of traditional languages and culture. You must explain why your presence at this international conference is important. Review sources such as the following:

Thomson, B. “Beyond Ecotourism: Going Native.” Earth Island Journal. V. 15(3)(Autumn, 2000).

Tidwell, T. “Uru life more than a tourist attraction.” Cultural Survival Quarterly. (Fall, 2001).

La Selva Ecotourist Lodges – http://www.laselvajunglelodge.com

Sacha Lodge – http://www.sachalodge.com

Palmer, P. “Listening for the Reindeer’s Heartbeat: An interview with Harald Gaski.” Winds of Change,

V. 13(2)(Spring, 1998): 14-24.

Sami Culture in a New Era (Introduction and resources) – www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/papers/Gaski.pdf

Federation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages – www.fatsil.org

Stabilizing Indigenous Languages – www.ncbe.gwu.edu

Endangered Languages Endangered Lives, Summer 2001 – www.cs.org/publications/CSQ/252/index.htm

The Sami in Finland – http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/saameng.html

Annotated Reading List (languages) – http://collections.ic.gc.ca/afn/lngpg12.htm

Hawaiian Language, Literacy and Technology – http://english.ohio-state.edu/people/lum.6/hl/main.html

Hawaiian Language – http://www.ncbe.gwu.edu/miscpubs/stabilize/additional/hawaiian.htm

 

Corporate Business

Your major concerns are the costs associated with programs that aim to limit environmental damage.

Focus on the positive opportunities, e.g., the use of technology to spur powerful new forms of cross-border political awareness and the availability of environmentally beneficial products. Review resources such as the following:

CO2 Magazine – www.co2science.org

The American Petroleum Institute – www.api.org

The Heartland Institute – www.Heartland.org

Global Climate Coalition – www.globalclimate.org


Appendix 3

Independent Study Suggestions

1.   What are the challenges faced by indigenous groups who pursue sustainable and ecologically sensitive economic development? Research and report on an indigenous group that is currently a “success” story in respect to harmonizing economic development and environment/cultural protection.

 

2.   Investigate ideas and practices of an indigenous group in respect to health care. How are these “non-western” approaches to medicine informing current holistic approaches to treatment?

 

3.   Research an ancient indigenous culture and describe its worldview and cultural accomplishments e.g., Maya.

 

4.   Using one or two indigenous groups as examples, describe how their traditional life ways and teachings are relevant and necessary tools for those seeking to solve global challenges in the new millennium, e.g., growing disparity between rich and poor.

 

5.   Discuss a contemporary conflict between an indigenous community or population and a national government, highlighting the perspectives and world views behind the conflict. Describe potential solutions to the conflict.

 

6.   Describe ways that international organizations, e.g., Greenpeace Central America, are collaborating with indigenous groups and populations to pursue common goals.

 

7.   Examine the economic impacts of legislation developed by national governments on indigenous populations, e.g., “Former Aboriginal Act” Ainu-Japan, 1989.

 

8.   Using a case study approach, examine how different indigenous groups have successfully resisted cultural assimilation, e.g., Cubas (Panama), Hopis (United States) and discuss common strategies.

 

9.   Research and describe the potential effects of global climate change on global indigenous peoples.

 

10.  Research the historic and current status of certain indigenous peoples’ languages around the world.

 

11.  Compare and contrast the degree to which different national governments have provided a legislative basis for indigenous self-determination. What factors account for the differences observed?

 

12.  Examine and report on the supranational strategies being pursued by various indigenous organizations. Discuss ways the supranational strategies can have local impacts.

 

13.  Investigate indigenous peoples’ activities in the United Nations, particularly their participation in the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations.

 

14.  Examine social indicators and demographic data for various global indigenous groups. What differences can be noted in the data from “developed” versus “Third World” countries?

 

15.  Discuss ways that global indigenous groups are challenging national governments that make public policies without reference to moral norms promoted by the international community.

 

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